EPD

MODULE I
ENGINEERING DESIGN & REAL-LFE PROBLEM
SOLVING

MEC

SCIENCE
Asking question about natural phenomenon

and find answers

Deals with natural world
Branch of study/knowledge dealing with facts
& truths systematically arranged.
Investigation of phenomena.
Deals with understanding.

MEC

Scientific Method
Define problem / question
Observe and analyze
Develop hypothesis
Extrapolate the hypothesis
Develop experiments
Perform the experiment
Collect and analyze result
Conclusion and communicate result

MEC

TECHNOLOGY
Applied science
It deals with man made world
Means by which surroundings can be

improved.
Knowledge of using tools & machines to do
tasks efficiently.
It can be used to control the world we live in

MEC

ENGINEERING
The profession in which a knowledge of the

mathematical and natural sciences gained by

study, experience, and practice is applied with
judgment to develop ways to utilize,
economically, the materials and forces of
nature for the benefit of mankind
ABET
Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology

MEC

Engg. Cont.
Process of investigating how to solve

problems
Process of problem solving optimally

Analysis

Design

Constructio
n

Verificatio
n
MEC

Tasks of an Engineer
To find & deliver optimal solution
Real life problem solving

MEC

Engineering Design & Real Life

Problems
Life is a result of multiple events and needs
Real life problems have multiple solutions
Criteria for selecting solution depends on

specific context or domain

Any engineering design is a real life problem

MEC

Real Life Design Factors

Size & Weight

Performance Features
Superior ergonomics
Durability
Ease of manufacture
Appearance

MEC

Comparison
Science - acquisition of knowledge (pure

research)
Engineering - application of knowledge

gained via science to solve a problem or meet

a need
Technology - utilization of processes and

products made via engineering, or the specific

processes or products themselves
MEC

Another Comparison
Scientist - Why does it happen
Engineer - How does it work
Technologist - What can it be used for
Philosopher -

MEC

Define Product

MEC

Something sold by an enterprise to its

customers
Examples

MEC

Design
A plan or drawing to meet the human needs

or is a process of defining the physical form of

the product to best meet customer needs.
Creative process of making things useful to
man.
Design process includes engineering design
(mechanical, electrical, electronic, S/W etc.) &
Industrial design (aesthetics, ergonomics)

MEC

Characteristics of Successful
Product Development
1) Product quality

Satisfy customer needs

Reliable & robust
Willingness to pay the price
Ultimately related to profit

MEC

Cont.
2) Product cost
Investment done on the particular product
including manufacturing , capital equipment ,
tooling etc

Ultimately related to profit

MEC

Cont.
3) Development time
4) Development cost
5) Development capability

MEC

Product Development
Product Development is the set of activities

beginning with the perception of market

opportunity and ending in the production, sale
and delivery of a product

MEC

Product Development
Team
1) Marketing - Interaction between customers and firm
-Identify customer needs
- Launch and promote

MEC

Product Development
Team
2) Design
a) Engineering Design
b) Industrial design ( Aesthetics,
Ergonomics, user interface etc)

MEC

Product Development
Team
3) Manufacturing
- Operating production system
- Purchasing raw materials
- Installation
Research, Finance, Field service, sales

MEC

Composition of Product Development Team

Legal

Finance

Manuf Engr

Ext Team

sales

Marketing
Purchase Specialist

Team Leader

Core Team

ID

Ext team
Electro Designer
Ext team

Mech Designer
Ext team

Ext Team
Ext team
MEC

Ext team

Challenges of Product Development

Trade off Inverse relations
Dynamics Rapid technology change
Details Minute product design
Time pressure
Economics Investment, returns, profit
Social & individual satisfaction
Team diversity & team spirit

MEC

Product Features
Basic or implicit features - Features that

customer need not specify while buying such as

brake in a car.
Specified or explicit features - Features that the

customer need to specify e.g. size of TV screen.

Excitement features - Features that excite the

customer e. g. video game/FM in mobile/i Phone

MEC

Product development process

Sequence of steps or activities which an

enterprise employs to conceive, design and

commercialize a product.
It can be intellectual, organizational or
physical.

MEC

Need for development process

Quality assurance.
Coordination
Planning
Management
Improvement

MEC

Types of Product Development

Customer Driven
Aesthetic appeal, safe, easy to use &easy to
maintain. Aim to create pride of owner ship
Technology Driven
Engineering/Technology requirement will
dominate developments.

MEC

Product Development Result

Creation
Satisfaction of social & individual needs
Team diversity multifunction/skills
Team spirit

MEC

Generic Development Process

Phase-1
Concept
Development

Phase-0
Planning

Mission Statement

Specifications
Phase-4
Testing
&
Refinement

Phase-3
Detail Design

Geometric
Layout

Phase-2
System-Level Design

Industrial Design
Control Documentation

MEC

Phase-5
Production
Ramp-Up

Prototype

Product Planning
Process (Phase 0)

MEC

Product Planning Process (Phase

0)
Evaluate &
prioritize
projects

Allocate
resources
&plan timing

Complete
Pre-project
planning

Reflect on the
results and the
process
MEC

Product Planning Process

Step 1 : Identify Opportunities

opportunity funnel brings together inputs

from various sources like marketing & sales
personals, R&D organizations, current
development team, customers, business
partners etc.

MEC

Methods
Complaints from customers
Interview with lead users
Consider implications of lifestyle
Customer suggestions
Study competitor products

MEC

Product Planning Process cont.

Step 2: Evaluate and prioritize projects

Select the most promising suggestion

among those collected in Step 1 based on the
following perspectives
a) Competitive strategy Technology
leadership, Cost leadership, Customer focus,
initiative

MEC

Evaluate and prioritize projects

Product Planning Process cont.
b) Market segmentation personnel,
workgroup, department, children,
youth etc
c)Technological Trajectories When to
adopt a new technology
d) Product platform planning Set of
assets(components &
subassemblies) common to a set of
products
MEC

Technology
Roadmap
Represent expected availability
& use of future
technology relevant to the product
Eg. Television set

Screen
Power supply
Tuner
Sound

MEC

CRT

LCD

PLASMA

LINEAR

SMPS

MECHANICAL

ELECTRONIC

MONO
Pro
1
Time

STEREO
Pro
2

SURROUN
D
Pro
3

Product Planning Process cont.

Step 3 : Allocate resources and plan timing

a) Allocate resources for most

promising project
b) Plan timing of product introductionquality and quantity
c) Technology readiness people to
accept the technology used
d) Market readiness
e) Competition
MEC

Product Planning Process cont.

Step 4 : Complete Pre-project planning

a) Develop product vision statement and

mission statement.
b) Assumptions & constrain factors
considered
c) Staffing

MEC

Product Planning Process cont.

Step 5: Reflect on the results and the process

Asks several questions to assess the

process
and result (constructive feedback)
Eg.
Does the product plan -------Support the competitive strategy of firm
Address most important opportunities
Allocate sufficient resources
etc..

MEC

Assignment
Product life cycle
CAD
Time dependency

MEC

Assignment

MEC

Assignment
Geome
tric
modelli
ng

Engine
ering
analysi
s

kinem
atics

MEC

Nume
ric
contro
l

Data
base

Automa
ted
drafing

Proces
s
Plannin
g
Robo
tics

Fatigue
manag
ement

Dont get confused

Product life cycle

Product development life

cycle
MEC

Concept development
(phase 1)
THE FRONT END PROCESS

MEC

Concept Development Process

Identify
Mission Customer
statementneeds

Establish
target
specification

Test
Product
concept

Generate
Product
concept

Set
Final
specification

Select
Product
concept

Plan
Downstream
Development

Developme
nt plan

Perform Economic Analysis

Bench Mark Competitive Products
Build and Test Models and
Prototypes
The target specifications are set early in the process, but setting the
Final specifications must wait till the product concept has been frozen
MEC

Identify Customer Needs

(Requirement Analysis)
Gather raw data from customer

- Interviews, Focus groups,

Observing the product in use
Interpret the raw data in terms of customer
needs
Organize the needs
Establish the relative importance of needs
Reflect on the process and the results

MEC

Specifications
Customer needs expressed in language of

customers.
Eg. Big screen, easy to install etc
These has to be converted into exact
specifications like, Screen size 60 inches,
Average installation time less than 70 sec. etc.

MEC

Establish Target Specification

Product Specification means the precise description of

what the product has to do. It consists of a metric and

a value i.e.. kmpl is a metric and 16km is the value of
this metric. Value could be in any unit.

Product Specification tries to satisfy the customer

needs.

After knowing the customer needs design team sets

target specifications which is a wish list without

considering tech/cost constraints. Target
specifications are revisited a no. of times to arrive at
final specification
MEC

Establish Target Specification cont.

Steps involved in fixing target specifications
Prepare the list of metrics
Collect competitive bench marking
information
Set ideal and marginally acceptable target
values (ideal value-the best result the team
could hope for-marginal value-is the value of
the metric that would just achieve the break
even)
Reflect on the results and the process
MEC

Guide Lines for Preparation of Metrics

Metrics should be complete-each customer need
correspond to a single metric and the value of the

metric to correlate with the satisfaction of that

need

Metrics should be dependent, not independent

variable-Metrics specify the overall performance

of a product and should there fore be dependent
variables
Metrics should be practical (directly observable )
Metrics of some needs cannot be easily
quantified
Metrics should cater for comparison in the
marketplaceMEC

How to Express values of Metrics

At least X: Establishes targets for the lower

bound on a metric, but higher is still better

e.g.,12kmpl
At most X: Establishes targets for upper
bound e.g.,15kmpl with smaller value being
better
Between X & Y: Establishes both upper &
lower bounds
Exactly X: Establishes a target of a
particular value of a metric, with deviation
degrading performance
A set of discrete value such as tyre
size/international dimensions
MEC

Generate Product Concept

Conceptualization
Product Concept - An approximate description of

the technology, working principles and form of the

product
It is a concise description of how product will satisfy

the customer needs

A concept is usually expressed as a sketch or as a

rough three dimensional model and is often

supported by a brief textual description
MEC

Generate Product Concept cont.

A good concept could be improved, at different stages

but a poor concept could never be a commercial

success

The quality & cost determines the product success

Concept generation is presently inexpensive due to

wide application of computer programming, graphics,

animation etc.

Only 3% of product development cost and 15% of time

spent for concept development

Concept generation start with a need & target

specifications and results in a set of product concepts

from which a final selection is made
MEC

Search
Externally:- Lead
users, experts
Patents,
Literature, Bench
Marking

Clarify the Problem:Understanding the

problem
Decomposition
Focus on critical subproblems
Subproblemm
s

Explore
Systematically:Classification Tree &
Combination Table

Existing
concepts

MEC

Reflection on the
solutions and the
Process
Constructive
feed back

Search
Internally:Individuals &
Groups

New concepts

Integrated solutions

Steps for Concept Generation

Clarify the Problem:-

Understanding the problem

Decomposition
Focus on critical sub-problems

MEC

Steps for Concept Generation cont

Search Externally:Finding existing solutions
Information gathering process.
Lead users, experts
Patents, Literature, Bench Marking
Search Internally:Individuals & Groups of developing
team
MEC

Steps for Concept Generation cont

Explore Systematically:Tabulate and organise the outcomes.
Classification Tree
Combination Table

MEC

concept Classification Tree

Fuel-air system

Chemical

Explosive System
Oil pressure system

Hydraulic
Store or
Accept
energy

Electrical

Pneumatic

Wall outlet
Batteries
Fuel Cell

External air system

Internal air system

MEC

Concept Combination Table Hand Held Nailer

Convert Electrical
Energy to
Translational
Energy
rotary motor w/
transmission

spring

linear motor

moving mass

solenoid
rail gun

MEC

Accumulate
Energy

Apply
Translational
Energy to Nail
single impact

multiple impacts
push nail

Steps for Concept Generation cont

Reflection on the solutions and the Process

Constructive feed back

MEC

Concept Selection
The process of evaluating concepts with

respect to
-Customer needs and other criteria
- Comparing the strengths and
weaknesses
And select the one or more concepts for

further investigation, testing, or development

MEC

Concept Selection cont.

Methods to choose concepts

External decision
Product champion
Intuition
Multivoting
Pros and cons
Prototype and test
Decision matrices

MEC

Concept Selection cont.

Step 1 : Concept screening

Step 2 : Concept scoring

MEC

Concept Screening
Prepare the selection matrix
Rate the concept
Rank the concept
Combine and Improve the concepts
Select One or more concepts
Reflect on the results and the process

MEC

Conecepts
Selection Criteria

A
Master
Cylinder

B
Rubber
Brake

Ease of handling
Ease of use
Readability of settings
Dose metering
accuracy
Durability
Ease of manufacture
Portability

0
0
0
0
0
+
+

0
0
0
0
+

Sum +s
Sum 0s
Sum -s

2
5
0

Net Score
Rank
Continue?

2
1
Yes

C
Ratchet

D
(Reference)
Plunge Stop

E
Swash
Ring

F
Lever Set

G
Dial
Screw

+
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
+
0
0
+

+
0
0
+
0

0
+
0
0
0
0

1
4
2

1
3
3

0
7
0

2
4
1

2
3
2

1
5
1

-1
6
No

-2
7
No

0
3
Combine

1
2
Yes

0
3
Combine

0
3
Revise

The concept screening matrix. For the syringe example, the team rated the
concepts against the reference concept using a simple code (+ for better
than, 0 for same as, - for worse than) in order to identify some concepts
for further consideration. Note that the three concepts ranked 3 all received
MEC
the same net score.

Concept Scoring
Steps same as concept screening

MEC

Concept Testing
It can verify that customer needs have been

meet adequately
Assess the sales potential of a product
concept
Gather customer feedback for refining the
product concept

MEC

Concept Testing
Define the purpose of the concept test
Choose a survey population
Choose a survey format
Communicate the concept
Measure customer response
Interpret the results
Reflect on the results and process

MEC

Set Final Specification

Final specifications are arrived after the

product concept is finalized and product

development started.
At this stage the target specifications are
revisited and the broad range of values are
refined and made more precise.
Considerable amount of trade-offs between
tech performance metrics and cost.
Resolving trade-offs Vs Specifications are
tricky
MEC

Set Final Specification cont.

Develop technical models of the Product
Develop a cost model of the Product
Refine the specifications, making trade-offs

where necessary
Flow down the specifications as appropriate
Reflect on the results and the process

MEC

Dont get confused

Concept Generation

Concept development

(process)
MEC

Product Architecture
Purpose of Product Architecture - to define the

basic physical building blocks of the product in

terms of what they do and what their
interfaces are to the rest of the device

MEC

Product Architecture
cont.
A product consists of:-

1) Physical Elements
Parts, components &sub assemblies
that implement the products functions. These
are organized into several major physical
building blocks and are called Chunks e.g.,
print cartridge for delivery of thermal ink in a
printer

MEC

Product Architecture
cont.
2) Functional Elements

The individual operations and

transformations that contribute to the overall
performance of the product e.g., for a printerstoring paper and communicating with host
computer are functions

MEC

Product Architecture
cont.
The architecture of a product is the scheme

by which the functional elements of the

product are arranged into physical chunks and
by which the chunks interact

MEC

Product Architecture
cont.
Types of Architecture:-

1) Modular ArchitectureChunks implement one or more

Functional element in their entity.
The interactions between the chunks
well defined

MEC

Modular Architecture cont.

The arrangement of functional elements
into physical chunks which become the
building blocks for the product or family of
products.
module
module

module
module

Product
module
module
MEC

module
module

Trailer Example:
Modular Architecture

MEC

box

protect cargo
from weather

hitch

connect to
vehicle

fairing

minimize
air drag

bed

support
cargo loads

springs

suspend
trailer structure

wheels

transfer loads
to road

Modular Architecture
cont.
Here each functional elements of the product

is implemented by exactly one physical chunk

and there are well-defined interactions
between the chunks. In case of a design
change, it could be done by replacing the
chunk with out requiring a change to other
chunks for the product to function correctly.
The chunks implement one or a few functional
elements in their entity-gear and brake control
functions of a MC is done by separate chunks
MEC

Product Architecture cont.

2) Integral Architecture
- Functional elements of the product
are implemented using more than one chunk
- A single chunk implements many
functional element
- The interaction between chunks are ill
defined and may be incidental to the primary
functions of the product

MEC

Trailer Example:
Integral Architecture

MEC

upper half

protect cargo
from weather

lower half

connect to
vehicle

nose piece

minimize
air drag

cargo hanging
straps

support
cargo loads

spring slot
covers

suspend
trailer structure

wheels

transfer loads
to road

Types of modularity
Slot modular architecture
Bus modular architecture
Sectional modular architecture

MEC

Types of modularity cont.

Slot-Modular architecture-Each of the

interfaces between chunks is of a different

type from others-not interchangeable e.g.,
Car. Music player Speedo meter , brakes etc
are the chunks and have different types of
interfaces.

MEC

Types of modularity cont.

MEC

Types of modularity cont.

Bus-Modular architecture-Common bus to

which other chunks connect using same

interface e.g., expansion card in a computer

MEC

Types of modularity cont.

Section-modular architecture-The assembly is

built up by connecting the chunks to each

other via identical interfaces- Eg piping
system for fluid exchange.

MEC

Implications of the Architecture

Product change(upgradation, add - ons,

adaptation, wear etc)

product variety
component standardization
product performance
manufacturability and product development
mgmt,

MEC

Implications of the
Architecture
The architecture of the product therefore is

closely linked to marketing strategy,

manufacturing capabilities and product
development mgmt

MEC

Establishing The Architecture

Create a schematic of the product
Cluster the elements of the product
Create a rough geometric layout
Identify the fundamental and incidental

interactions

MEC

Portable Electronic Design Factors

Functionality
Performance
User interface
Form factor
Battery life
Cost
Size
Reliability
Time to market
MEC

Functionality
The primary function is the main scope of the

product. Secondary function should add value

to the product. Allowing a product to do too
many functions leads to product not
performing a single function properly.
Adding functionality that causes the products
primary function to become non optimal is in
general is a poor design.

MEC

Performance
It is a quantitative description of how well a

product performs its function. Performance

describes the level of functional satisfaction
experienced by the user. Three types of
performance:First-Min performance required for the product
to effectively deliver the desired functionality
Second-Higher levels of performance in a
competitive market
Third-Performance levels beyond which the
user is no longer able to perceive an
improvement in functionality
MEC

User Interface
The user interface for a portable electronic

device is the means by which a user

extracts the functionality of the device.
The user interface encompasses both the
user inputs to the device and the out put
from the device that are sensed by the
user
Out put elements of the user interface
include visual, audio and tactile actuators
that the user can intercept. These
correspond to the senses of sight, sound
and touch MEC

User Interface

MEC

Form Factor
Form-Factor deals with the size, weight and shape

of a portable electronic device. A product is

portable or not is decided by the FF
At least one plane of the product must have an
area equal to or greater than the area of the
display module
A large display is seen as advantage comparing to
two identical products
Hence thickness is a critical product differentiator
in portable products
Minimal thickness enables minimal volume in the
face of a fixed user-interface area
Flat devices also tend to be more easily stowed in
a pocket or purse than thicker devices that occupy
the same total volume
MEC

Form-Factor Categories
FF categorization is done based on the way

the product is used or carried and not in its

size. The major categories are:-

MEC

Form-Factor Categories
cont.
1) Tool Kit-Largest products that could be

considered portable e.g., Portable Military

communication kits, early luggable PCs,
boom boxes, specialized medical & industrial
instruments

MEC

Form-Factor Categories cont.

2) Note Book-Implies roughly the size and

shape of a book. Note book product are

expected to be carried from place to place by
hand or in a brief case but are typically set
onto a table or flat surface when in use.

MEC

Form-Factor Categories
cont.
3) Palm Top-Palm Top form-factor is one of the

most common and important FF for portable

electronic devices. e.g., calculators, personal
organizers, palm top PCs, TV remote
controllers, Radio , etc

MEC

Form-Factor Categories
cont.
4) pen FF eg.Laser Pointer, thermometer
5) Credit Card FF
6) Wearable FF

MEC

Battery Life
Battery Life dictates how long a product
may be used in an un tethered and truly
portable mode-longer bty life is a valuable
product differentiator
Improved battery technology & reduced
power consumption has made bty life
longer
Engineers & Designers benchmark bty life
in terms of continuous usage and standby
mode such as:Session Duration, Session frequency &
standby condition
MEC

Requirement Analysis of Electronic Products

General
Electronic product are low volume, high value
products.
Needs state of art manufacturing facilities.
The design must be compatible with
manufacturing tooling, methods and processes
whether old or new.
The manufacturing scheme should be just in time
(JIT).
Product companies must be flexible and
sophisticated.
Design based on sound standardization program.
Meets reliability
specifications.
MEC

Requirement Analysis of Electronic Products

Electronics
No part should be stressed beyond ratings.
There should not be excessive circuit complexity.
Minimum RF interference.
Parts should be easily accessible.
Relay should not operate under vibrations.
Proper protection of wires and cables.
Avoid routing through sharp metal edges use

sleeves if necessary).
Cabling needs to be properly supported.
Proper ventilation for heat dissipation.
MEC

Requirement Analysis of Electronic Products

Contd ..
Proper bend radii
User shock mounts where necessary.
Proper labeling /directional arrows.
Communication between units( standard protocols i.e., RS

232, Fire wire IEEE 1394,USB).

Semiconductor devices are particularly temperature
sensitive, therefore thermal designs for them are critical.
Extreme care should be taken to never exceed threshold
limits of junction temperatures.
To protect circuits and components from electrostatic
damage.
Design circuit for ease of testability.
Design circuit to permit proper function when assembled by
automatic or semiautomatic equipments.
MEC

Requirement Analysis of Electronic Products

Electrical
Select quality electrical part.
Provide tolerance for environment, aging, time,

temperature, humidity , vibration etc.

Use parts with low failure rates.
Design equipment to withstand power line voltage variation
and frequency transients.
Fuse, tripper and MCBs to protect both sides of power line.
Reduce stress on parts to improve reliability.
Design equipments to give proper operation over a range of
90 100% of normal power line voltage and 95 105% of
normal power line frequency.
Where possible avoid use of friction or pressure contacts.
MEC

Requirement Analysis of Electronic Products

Thermal Management
Limit heat dissipation in equipment by choosing efficient

circuits and parts.

Use parts that have maximum thermal operating range and
minimum temperature sensitivity.
Ensure parts are operated under ambient recommended
temperature levels.
Use conductive heat transfer to lower surface temperature
of high power devices.
Design equipment so that heat flow paths are canalized
appropriately.
Select product cooling method according to heat dissipation
density of the part. i.e.-; For densities greater than 0.25
watts /inch sq but less than 2.0 watts/ inch sq, forced air
cooling should be used.
MEC

Product Life Cycle (PLC)

PLC- 4 Stages

1.Birth/Introduction
2.Growth stage
3. Stable/Maturity/Saturation period
4. Decline/death of the product

MEC

Product Life Cycle

MEC

Pre-market phase or new product

development phase
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Idea generation
Idea screening
Concept development
Business analysis
Prototype development
Test marketing
Marketing launch

MEC

Market phase or post-launch

product life-cycle phases
1. Product introduction
2. Product growth
3. Product maturity
4. Product decline
5. Product abandonment
The innovation leading to a new product is a
complex, costly, and time consuming process

MEC

Expanded Product Life

Cycle

MEC

Project Management
Project Mgmt Consists of a number of Tasks
Tasks could be dependent on the out put of

another task
Tasks could be mutually dependent or
Coupled

MEC

Definition-Project Terms
Task-A piece of work contributing to a

major activity
Event-A specific instant of time which
marks the start and end of an activity. It
does not consumes time and resources
Activity-Job operations or tasks which
comprises a Project. It consumes time &
resources
Critical Path-Sequence of activities which
decides the total project duration. It is the
longest path and consumes maximum time
MEC

Task Dependencies

Sequential

Here two of the tasks are dependent on the out put of

another task
B

Parallel

A
C

Here the middle two tasks depend on the task at left but not on each
other. Task at right depends only on middle tasks. Middle two tasks
are parallel because they are both depend on the same task but
independent of each other .PT can be overlapped in time for
MEC
convenience.

Task Dependencies
Coupled-Here combination of tasks and interdependencies will be a norm. Each task
requires the result of other task to complete
the task.
B

D
Coupled tasks must be executed simultaneously with close coordination/overlapped in time because they need to be
addressed simultaneously
or in an iterative fashion.
MEC

Gantt Chart
It is a tool for representing the timing of

tasks.
It does not display dependencies among
tasks e.g., which task must be completed
before others can begin or finish
depending on the nature of the
dependency and which task can be
completed in parallel.
Project activities are listed logically
When two tasks over lap in time on a
Gantt chart, they may be parallel,
sequentialMEC
or iteratively coupled

Gantt Charts (timing tool)

A. Market Research

Task completed-A&B,
Behind schedule-C & D

30

B. Concept Finalization

20

C .Design Finalization

6
0

D .Prototype Manufacture
E .Test Prototype &fittings
F. Disp for Dealer Trials
G .Product refinement
E
E certification
E
H .Initial Production Run
J .Product Test Marketing

MEC

4545
90
60
30
45
30

Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Jun Jul Aug
Current

Program Evaluation and Review Technique

(PERT) Chart

Represents both dependencies and timing

The blocks in in the PERT chart are labeled

with both task and its expected duration

PERT chart does not allow loops/feedback
and hence cannot show iterative coupling
All links between task must proceed from
left to right
PERT chart can also used to represent a
project schedule
MEC

PERT CHART
Critical Path-It is the longest chain of

dependent events. Critical Path is the

single sequence of tasks whose combined
total time define the minimum possible
completion time for the entire set of tasks
Identifying the critical path is important
because a delay in any of the critical task
would result in an increase in project
duration
All other paths contain some slack,
meaning that a delay in one of the non
critical tasks does not necessarily create a
delay for the
MEC entire project.

PERT CHART
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

Receive & Accept Specification

Concept generation/selection
Design beta cartridge
Produce beta cartridge
Develop testing program
Test beta cartridges
Design production cartridges

A 2

B 4

H Design mold
I Design Assembly tooling
J Purchase assembly equipment
K Fabricate molds
L Debug molds
M Certify cartridge
N Initial Production Run

D 8
E 5

F 2

K 10

M 2

Task
A

L 4

1
4

J 6

Duratio
n is shown by the thick lines A-B-C-D-F-H-K-LThe Critical Path
N. Tasks G,H & I are grouped together because the PERT
representationMEC
does not depict coupled tasks explicitly

N 2

Common Definitions

Foot Print-It is the substrate area occupied

by the package components.

Pitch-Is the periodic dimension that
characterizes the spacing between
repeating elements of a peripheral or array
patterns
Substrate-The substrate of an electronic
assembly is the system element to which
electronic components are attached and
their respective I/O are connected together
(It therefore consists of the bulk substrate
material and one or more layers of
conductive routing for the distribution of
electric signals
or power)
MEC