Condition monitoring of ball and roller bearings using

the patented SPM method (Shock Pulse Method)

Vibration monitoring
Machinery alignment
Maintenance instruments
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A complete approach to condition monitoring

Engineering
support
Customer service
Training

Software

Planning
Installation

Instrument
use

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DOWNTIME
CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

TIME BASED MAINTENANCE

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE

PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE

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Work

Time

Many breakdowns - little planning

Introduction Predictive Maintenance

Few breakdowns - planning

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Causes of machine failure

50% Bearing problems
20% Misalignment
20% Unbalance
10% Other reasons
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5000 h

50 000 h

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Causes of bearing failure

40% Lubrication
30% Vibration
20% Installation faults
10% Fatigue failure
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Lubrication

Bearing Installation

Machine
Alignment

Bearing
Damage

Operating Condition
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STATIC AND
DYNAMIC
LOAD

PRELOAD

ALIGNMENT

LUBRICANT
SUPPLY

LUBRICANT

TEMPERATURE

GEOMETRIC
QUALITY OF
BEARING
HOUSE & SHAFT

BEARING
GEOMETRIC
QUALITY

TOTAL LOAD

ROLLING
VELOCITY

LUBRICANT FILM

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Bearing condition
Machine vibration
Rotational speed

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Shock Pulse Method

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Vibration

10 - 1000 Hz
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Instrument operation,
Input data
and
Output results

Instrument operation
Input data required for Analyser:
1. Norm No. (10 - 58)
2. Type No. (1 - 8)

: Calculated by instrument after giving

bearing number and RPM

: Depends upon bearing geometry.

3. Comp. No. (-30 - +30)

: To calibrate the measuring point

location

4. Accumulation No. (1 9) : To define the instrument measuring

cycle time

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Instrument operation
Input data required for Tester:
1. Shaft diameter (Bearing inner diameter, Maximum 1999mm)
2. Rotational speed of bearing (RPM, 10 19999 RPM)
3. dBi Decibel initial value is calculated by the instrument after
giving shaft diameter and RPM input. (-9 to 40)

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Output results from the instrument

1. Normalized results

- Needs certain input data to

evaluate the bearing
condition.

2. Un Normalized results

- No need of any data input.

Instrument displays the
absolute shock pulse
magnitude in decibel scale

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Output results
Normalized results - Analyser:
1. Code

: A/B/C/D or E2/E3/E5

2. Lub No.

: 0 40 Indicates lubricant film thickness

3. Cond No. : 20 65 Indicates severity of bearing damage

4. LR

: Lower occurrence rate, Decibel shock value of the

shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 45 pulses per
second. (-19 to 99 dBsv.)

5. HR

: Higher occurrence rate, Decibel shock value of the

shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 1000 pulses per
second. (-19 to 99 dBsv.)
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Output results
Normalized results - Tester:
1. dBm
dBm
2. dBc

: Decibel maximum value, Decibel shock value of the

shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 5 pulses per
second. (-9 to 60 dBN)
= dBsv dBi
: Decibel carpet value, Decibel shock value of the
shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 300 pulses per
second. (-9 to 60 dBN)

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Output results
-Un Normalized result
1. Analyser : Only LR and HR values are displayed when 0

NORM NO. input is given to the instrument. These

values can be trended to evaluate the bearing condition.

2. Tester

: Only decibel shock values are displayed when --

dBi input is given to the instrument. These values can
be trended to evaluate the bearing condition.

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Evaluation
Of
Shock Pulse Readings

Three steps in evaluation

of readings
Trending

Comparing
Normalising

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Three steps in evaluation

of readings
Trending

1. Collect SPM & VIB readings over a period of time.

2. Plot the graphs and see the variation.

Comparing
1. Compare readings of similar machines.
2. Compare SPM readings with VIB readings and analyze.

Normalizing
1. Establish own limits after hands on experience on the same
machine
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Pressure variation translated into shock pulse pattern

The

filtered transducer signal

reflects
the
pressure
variation in the contact
area.

When the oil film in the bearing is

thick, the shock pulse level
is low, without distinctive
peaks.
The level increases when the
oilfilm is reduced, but there
are still no distinctive peaks.
Damage causes strong pulses at
irregular intervals.
One can liken the three shock
pulse
patterns
to
the
vibrations felt in a car while
driving on a) a smooth road
surface, b) a rough road
surface, c) a road full of
potholes.
potholes.

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Shock pulse pattern of a good bearing

Good Bearing :
Code : A (Green Zone)
Lub No : 1 40
1.
2.

4.

Low LR and HR values

LR HR = dB
dB value is ideal 4 8 dB
Trend shows no variation or
minor change in LR/HR

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Shock pulse pattern of a Poor lubricated bearing

Poor Lubricated Bearing :
Code : B (Yellow Zone)
Lub No : 0 or 1
Cond : 20 to 30
1.
2.

4.
5.

High HR values, close to LR

LR HR = dB
dB value is < 4 dB
Trend shows gradual increase
in HR reading.
Increase in bearing temperature

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Shock pulse pattern of a damaged bearing

Damaged Bearing :
Code
: C or D (Yellow or Red)
Cond No. : 30 to 65
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

High LR values, Distinctive peak

in shock pulse pattern.
LR HR = dB
dB value is > 10dB
Trend shows gradual increase
in LR reading.
Increase in bearing temperature

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ERROR CODES - E2 / E3 /

Error Codes
1. E2 External disturbance like cavitation, scraping of loose parts,
gear noise, steam screaming, rubbing etc.
2. E3 Signal low.
3. E5 Norm No. too low. Norm No. should be more than 18 to
obtain evaluated results with probe.

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3A

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3B

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Scraping
coupling

Bearing
Replacement

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VIBRAMETER
ISO 2372
KLASSE 3
4.8
mm/s

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Small
force

Weak
foundation

Large
force

Stiff
foundation

Structural
looseness

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Frequency
Hz

Displacement
mm

Acceleration
m / s2

Velocity
mm / s
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Limits

Class
II

Class
III

Class
IV

Class
V

II

Medium size machines without special foundations

III

Large machines on rigid foundations

IV

Large machines on soft foundations

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ISO 2372
Class

Class

Class

Class

Class

Class

Limits

1 Step

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Vibration severity

+ 4 steps

+ 3 steps

+ 2 steps

+ 1 step

Normal

Breakdown

Vibration
measurement

(Shutdown)
Effect repaires

Report dangerous increase

Plan major
overhaul

Report large increase

Report change

Inspection,
minor repairs
Routine
maintenance
(lubrication, etc.)

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Maintenance
activities

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Speed measurement
RPM, optical:
Distance max. 0.6 m

Speed reading
RPM
3650 rpm

Reflecting
tape

RPM, contact center:

Hold against shaft center

Peripheral, contact wheel:

Multiply reading by wheel factor
TAD-12
0.1 m/min.
TAD-13
0.1 yd./min.
TAD-17
0.5 ft./min.
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PC

COMMUNICATION
TIME
VERSION
SETUP

T-500.01
GUIDE ROLL 01 TS
1st drying
SPM
001

BEARING TEST
dBm 15
dBc 4

dBi 9

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VIBRAMETER
ISO 2372
CLASS 2
2.5
mm/s

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LR/HR
TYPE 3

Mean diameter dm
TYPE
RPM
COMP

LR
HR

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TYPE 1

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SPM measurement - Analyzer

Basic data 1, Analyzer
Evaluation frame,
depending on
TYPE

Bearing data
NORM 18
ACC
TYPE
1
TLT
COMP
4

3
on

Basic data 2, Analyzer

Bearing data
NORM -ISO xx100
TYPE 3
rpm
COMP 4
Dm 87 mm

COMP = Compensation
Condition:
red
- bad, CODE D
yellow - caution, CODE B, C
green - good, CODE A

LR/HR reading
SPM
CODE
LUB
COND

B
4
--

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ACC
LR
HR

3
27
23

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Shock Pulse Method

Good bearing
Dry running
Damaged bearing
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Vibration severity
Machine class 1 to 6
according to ISO (VDI, BS)

Vibration severity
VIB
ISO 10816
Class 2

2.76

mm /s

Change class

Limits Class

Class

Class

Class

Condition:
red
yellow
green

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PC

COMMUNICATION
TIME
VERSION
SETUP

T-500.01
GUIDE ROLL 01 TS
1st drying
SPM
001

BEARING TEST
dBm 15
dBc 4

dBi 9

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VIBRAMETER
ISO 2372
CLASS 2
2.5
mm/s

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TACHOMETER

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PEG 38

LEV

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BEARING TEST
EARPHONE
VOLUME 5

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Peak indicator

Earphone

dBn

Altered shock level

Earphone display

SPM

SPM
Probe

dBm 43
dBc 26

(38)
dBi 26

Earphone
Level 69 dBsv

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Vibration severity
Machine class 1 to 6
according to ISO (VDI, BS)

Vibration severity
VIB
ISO 10816
Class 2

2.76

mm /s

Change class

Limits Class

Class

Class

Class

Condition:
red
yellow
green

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SPM
VIB
RPM

Route
Input data
Readings

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SPM measurement - Tester

TLT = Transducer line test
19 and more

good

15 - 18

acceptable

below 15

unacceptable

Basic data, Tester

Bearing data
TLT On
3000 rpm
90 dmm
dBi

Normalized measuring scale

dBsv - dBi = dBn

26

dBm/dBc display

dBsv

SPM
TLT
dBm
dBc

dBn

20
16
9

dBi

26

dBm
dBc
dBi

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Tester & Analyzer

dBm / dBc
TESTER

LR / HR
ANALYZER

same signal
at
different levels
dBm

LR

dBc

HR
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Lubrication

Bearing Installation

Machine
Alignment

Bearing
Damage

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Shock Pulse Method

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Bearing life

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