MEASURE ANALYSIS

AND PHYSICAL
OBSERVATION
VIBRATION ANALYSIS

• Process for measuring the vibration

levels and frequencies of machinery
and then using that information to
analyze how healthy the machines and
their components are.
 Imbalance

VIBRATION Bearing Failures

ANALYSIS
CAN Mechanical Looseness
DETECT
PROBLEMS Misalignment

SUCH AS:
Resonance and natural frequencies
 VIBRATION ANALYSIS CAN DETECT
PROBLEMS SUCH AS:
Electrical motor faults

Bent Shafts

Gearbox failures

Empty space or bubbles (cavitation) in pumps

Critical speeds
VIBRATION
ANALYSIS
METHODOLOGY
TIME DOMAIN

•The time domain is amplitude

plotted against time. While most
machine vibration issues are
detected using spectrum analysis,
some types are more easily seen in
waveform.
FREQUENCY DOMAIN

•The spectrum is in the frequency

domain like the vibration is in the time
domain. Most in-depth analysis of
machinery vibration is done in the
frequency domain or using spectrum
analysis.
 •A joint time technique called Gabor-Wigner-Wavelet can
JOINT be utilized. This technique is used to calculate variations of

DOMAIN the fast Fourier transform (discussed below), including

short-time Fourier transform (STFT).
 •Modal analysis takes measured frequency
response functions of a piece of machinery
and puts them into a computer model. The
computer model can be displayed with
MODAL animations of all the different vibration
DOMAIN modes. The model can be adjusted by either
adding to or taking away things like mass or
stiffness to see the effects.
TIME
WAVEFORM

• Time waveforms
show a short time
sample of raw
vibration, revealing
clues to the condition
of machinery not
always clear in the
frequency spectrum
• FFT is defined as an algorithm
used to calculate a spectrum
from a time waveform. Fast FAST
FOURIER
Fourier transform is most often
TRANSFOR
used for detecting machine M (FFT)
faults like misalignment or
unbalance.
PHASE MEASUREMENT

• It only works if the two signals being compared are

of the same frequency. Phase measurement is used in
tandem with FFT to decipher machine faults like
loose parts, misalignment and unbalance.
 •Order analysis is a variation of
FFT analysis and is mostly used
ORDER
to quantify vibrations of
ANALYSIS
machines with varying
revolutions per minute (RPM).
POWER SPECTRAL
DENSITY (PSD)
•Power spectral density is
calculated by multiplying the
amplitude from the FFT by its
different forms to normalize it
with the frequency bin width (bin
width refers to the grouped x-
axis values).
 •Envelope analysis is a form of
vibration analysis that can detect
impacts with very low energy
ENVELOP
often hidden by other vibration
ANALYSIS
signals. It's a popular diagnostic
tool for damaged gear teeth and
roller bearings.
 •The orbit is defined as a plot of a
sleeve bearing journal's centerline.
It's measured by placing two
ORBIT probes in the bearing housing 90
degrees apart.
•Resonance analysis identifies all the
natural vibrations and frequencies in
machines. The presence of resonance RESONANC
means high vibration, which could E ANALYSIS
reach damaging levels.
CATEGORIES OF
VIBRATION
MEASUREMENT
 OVERALL LEVEL OF VIBRATION

•By feeling a machine with your hand, you can determine a

general sense of whether it is running roughly over a wide
frequency band. This initial check is best on rotating
machinery, in particular high-speed machines. It's not usually
applicable to reciprocating machines.
 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF VIBRATION

•Spectral analysis is the process of transforming a

signal from the time domain to the frequency
domain. It's often done using FFT. The signal is
analyzed to determine any substantial frequencies
coming from the machine's components.
 DISCRETE FREQUENCY MONITORING

•Discrete frequency monitoring measures the vibration level being generated at a

particular frequency which that component would be expected to generate.
 •Shock pulse monitoring is a predictive
maintenance technique that monitors rolling-
element bearings with a hand-held
SHOCK instrument. The hand-held instrument gives
PULSE off a natural frequency that is excited by
MONITORIN shocks or vibrations generated by rolling
bearings.
G
 •Kurtosis gives you a measure of the
"spikedness" of a random signal. Signals with
a higher kurtosis value have more peaks that
are greater than three times the signal's root
KURTOSIS mean square (RMS) value. In vibration
MEASUREME analysis, kurtosis is used to monitor fatigue
NTS development in rolling bearings with a simple
instrument.
SIGNAL AVERAGING

•Signal averaging is important in spectrum

analysis because it determines the level of the
signal at each frequency. Signal averaging is
often used in the monitoring of a gear in
relation to its rotational speed. In this example,
signal averaging will show you the cyclic action
of each tooth in the gear.
 •Cepstrum is used to look at the repeated
patterns in a spectrum. Repeated patterns in
the spectrum are sensed as one or two
components in the cepstrum with multiple
CEPSTRUM sets of sidebands, which can be confusing.
ANALYSIS
VIBRATION
ANALYSIS
MEASUREMEN
T PARAMETERS
ACCELERATION

• Acceleration: Acceleration places greater importance on high

frequencies. An acceleration signal is not exclusive, however. The
acceleration signal can be converted to velocity or displacement.
DISPLACEMENT

•Displacement measurements are generally only used when examining

the broad picture of mechanical vibrations. You might use displacement
to discover unbalance in a rotating part due to a significant amount of
displacement at the rotational frequencies of the machine's shaft.
VELOCITY

•Velocity is related to the destructive force of vibration, making it the

most important parameter. It places equal importance on both high and
low frequencies.
BENEFITS OF CONTINUOUS
VIBRATION MONITORING
MONITOR CRITICAL
EQUIPMENT
MONITOR HEAVILY USED EQUIPMENT
MONITOR
DIFFICULT-
TO-ACCESS
EQUIPMENT
WHAT IS VIBRATION

•Any vibration has two measurable quantities. How far (amplitude or

intensity), and how fast (frequency) the object moves helps determine its
vibrational characteristics. The terms used to describe this movement are
frequency, amplitude and acceleration.
FIGURE 1 - REPRESENTATION OF THE
MEASURES OF VIBRATION EXPOSURE
FREQUENCY

•A vibrating object moves back and forth from

its normal stationary position. A complete cycle
of vibration occurs when the object moves from
one extreme position to the other extreme, and
back again. The number of cycles that a
vibrating object completes in one second is
called frequency. The unit of frequency is hertz
(Hz). One hertz equals one cycle per second.
•A vibrating object moves to a certain maximum distance
on either side of its stationary position. Amplitude is the
distance from the stationary position to the extreme position AMPLITUDE
on either side and is measured in metres (m). The intensity
of vibration depends on amplitude.
 •Every object tends to vibrate at one particular frequency
called the natural frequency. The measure of natural

WHAT IS frequency depends on the composition of the object, its size,

structure, weight and shape. If we apply a vibrating force on
RESONAN the object that has a frequency equal to the natural
frequency of the object, it is a resonance condition. A
CE vibrating machine transfers the maximum amount of energy
to an object when the machine vibrates at the object's
resonant frequency.
HOW DOES THE VIBRATION
EXPOSURE OCCUR?
 SEGMENTAL VIBRATION

•exposure affects an organ, part or "segment" of the body. The most widely
studied and most common type of segmental vibration exposure is hand-arm
vibration exposure which affects the hands and arms. Exposed occupational
groups include operators of chain saws, chipping tools, jackhammers, jack leg
drills, grinders and many other workers who operate hand-held vibrating tools.
WHOLE
BODY
VIBRATION
• energy enters the body
through a seat or the
floor, and it affects the
entire body or several
organs in the body.
Exposed groups
include operators of
trucks, buses, tractors
and those who work on
vibrating floors.