1).

Damped vibration: When the energy of a vibrating system is gradually dissipated by friction and
other resistances, the vibrations are said to be damped. The vibrations gradually reduce or change
in frequency or intensity or cease and the system rests in its equilibrium position. An example of this
type of vibration is the vehicular suspension dampened by the shock
absorber.Vibration damping is a term that’s used in industrial, electronic and ergonomic
applications when there is a need to reduce the amount of energy that’s produced by the
system. Normally engineers try to address and reduce this energy at its source so the
disturbing force is not at or near a natural frequency. This will ensure that resonance does
not occur. Sometimes this is not possible for many reasons so problems will usually be
controlled with a vibration damper. Usually when a good vibration damper is added, the
energy that is left over is removed and converted to a small amount of heat which is
referred to as the “swallowed energy”. A vibration damper takes energy out of the system.
When you increase the damping in a mechanism or structure there will be a reduction in
vibration and noise and the dynamic stresses applied will be reduced with a resulting benefit
to the fatigue life – among many other benefits.

Its significance is the nature of some important damping mechanisms is

discussed and an indication is given of how the damping depends on the
amplitude and frequency of the cyclic motion. The idealized models of
damping which are commonly employed in theoretical analyses are described
and some limitations are noted. Damping is of primary importance in
controlling vibration response amplitudes under conditions of steady-state
resonance and stationary random excitation. Damping also plays a crucial role
in fixing the borderline between stability and instability in many dynamical
systems. Some examples which illustrate this are discussed, including shaft
whirl, and pipeline flutter.
An underdamped system yields an exponentially decreasing sinusoidal output in response to a step
inputCritical damping provides the quickest approach to zero amplitude for a damped
oscillator. With less damping (underdamping) it reaches the zero position more
quickly, but oscillates around it. With more damping (overdamping), the approach to
zero is slower. Critical damping occurs when the damping coefficient is equal to
the undamped resonant frequency of the oscillator.

Overdamping of a damped oscillator will cause it to approach zero amplitude more

slowly than for the case of critical damping. The damping coefficient is greater than
the undamped resonant frequency .
) Underdamping (non-real complex roots)
Overdamping (distinct real roots)
Critical Damping (repeated real roots)

3.

Vibration measurement is basically for determining the radial motion of

the rotor shaft. The output signal gives all the information about the
problem of the rotating machine such as misalignment, cracked
shaft, oil whirl, unbalance, or any other dynamic snags. Measuring
vibration in a rotating machine provides the most important data for
diagnostic purposes. With the limited number of measuring locations
due to high cost and minimum availability of space, modern
technology has evolved with a proper diagnostician system by several
reputed manufacturers to guide the plant management to speedily and
 accurately assess a machine’s condition. Vibration measurement may
be provided in a single plane or a two-plane configuration.

How is Vibration Measured?

In this section we will answer these questions.After reading this section you
will be able to:

 Recognize which machines should be monitored

 Understand how vibration sensors should be mounted

 Determine how measurement parameters should be set

 Take measurements in a systematic way

Vibration Measurement
Its significance is To monitor a machine for vibration problems, the
use of displacement probes, velocity pickups, and accelerometers
must be used to fully describe the mechanical behavior of a machine. 
Vibration may influence the durability and reliability of machinery systems or structures and cause
problems such as damage, abnormal stopping and disaster. Vibration measurement is an important
countermeasure to prevent these problems.

Research and Development 

To develop and design more reliable products, vibration measurement and shock measurement is
operated in testing of samples or finished products.
Improving the Quqlity of Product 
To solve the problems caused by vibration and improve the quality of products, vibration
measurement is operated for a sample, of mass-produced or all completed products to eliminate
inferior pieces and produce satisfactory ones.
Safety Management in Factoies 
To prevent the breakdown and trouble from machinery, vibration in measured periodically and
compared to the vibration at initial condotion or at normal condition after the maintenance for judging
the deterioraten oc equipment.
Maintenance of Production systems 
Vibration measurement is used not only when the problem occurs but also when the daily
maintenance is performed. The production system is kept in operation by detecting the deterioration
or possible failure of a part through adverse vibration patterns.
Inspection of Pollution 
To inspect the influence of vibration on people at a specified factory, construction site, or through
road traffic and trains, vibration measurement is performed to judge whether it is within the allowable
level.

 
4.
Vibration analysis is, therefore, a powerful diagnostic tool and
troubleshooting of major process machinery would be unthinkable
without modern vibration analysis. The importance of a thorough
evaluation of the machine and its history leading to the need for
vibration analysis is discussed. A vibration identification chart is given
which lists the most common causes of vibration likely to be
encountered, together with the amplitude, frequency and strobe-
picture characteristics for each cause.. The effect of mechanical
looseness on vibration spectra, the evaluation of electric motor
conditions and aerodynamic flow-induced vibrations are outlined. The
use of vibration analysis for assessing gear and rolling element
bearing defects is described.
Vibration analysis is a very wide and complex domain which exploits
several aspects of the testing and diagnosis disciplines, from condition
monitoring to defect detection. Improvements in sensor technology
now permit the use of vibration analysis methodology within the
micro-/meso-world also. Noncontact high-speed (wide bandwidth)
laser sensors (typically displacement sensors) can overcome the
traditional limits exhibited by accelerometers, so highly accurate and
localized analyses can be performed.
Vibration analysis methodology could be subdivided into four principal
domains:
•
Time domain
•
Frequency domain
•
Joint domain (time/frequency domain)
•
Modal analysis

5.
Most vibrations are undesirable in mechanical engineering. Vibrations in machines and structures because produce
increased stresses, energy losses, cause added wear, increase bearing loads, induce fatigue, create passenger
discomfort in vehicles, and absorb energy from the system [8]. Rotating machine parts need careful balancing in
order to prevent damage from vibrations [8]. The worst impact has resonance of mechanical systems. Resonance
can occur when forced vibration and can cause even at low loads serious damages. Understanding of vibrations is
therefore very important for engineers.

Mechanical systems is general consist of structural components which have distributed mass and elasticity.
Examples of these structural components are rods, beams, plates, and shells. These structural components are
considered as continuum systems which have an infinite number of degrees of freedom (DOF) and therefore the
vibration of real systems is governed by partial differential equations which involve variables that depend on time as
well as the spatial coordinates. For study of vibration is preferred by simplifying real system to discrete system with a
finite number of DOF. Discrete system is represented by lumped mass and discrete elastic elements (translational
and torsion springs) and discrete damped elements (viscous dashpots). Physical models of discrete systems are
shown in Fig. 2, 3 and 7. These systems are governed by a set of second-order ordinary differential equations. [12]