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Chapter Goals
What is Statistics?
STATISTICS
The science of collecting, describing, and interpreting
data.
Can give an instant overall picture of data based on
graphical presentation or numerical summarization
irrespective to the number of data points.
It is the methodology which scientists and
mathematicians have developed for interpreting and
drawing conclusions from collected data.
Brief History of
Statistics
ancient chief
trained warriors
taxes
kingdom
Keywords
19th century
DURING 19th CENTURY
La Place and Gauss
> probability principles to astronomy
*EARLY 19th century
Quetelet - Belgian statistician
> investigation of social and educational
problems
> statistical theory on a general method of
research to sciences.
Social sciences
Heredity
Eugenies
psychology
anthropometry
statistics
measurement between two variables
centiles and percentiles
Francis Galton
PEARSON - GALTON
psychologists
Europe in 1880
applied agriculture and biological setting
(E L thorndike)
In 20th century
R.A. Fisher
Applied in agriculture and biological
setting.
The data can be classified into two
types
* Continouos
. can be made into measurement of varying degress of
precison.
(e.g. 1 yard equal 3 feet)
* Discontinouos/ discrete data
measurement expressed in whoke units
( e g. number of object)
According to stevens
Type of Measurement
Measurement of Scale
4 types of measurement
1. Nominal scale -used as measures of identity
e.g. Individuals into categories : yes or no, M and F.
2. Ordinal scales -used in measurement like handling of
individual object.
e.g. harder or softer, cold or hot
Terminologies
Concepts of Statistics
TYPES OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
is a method used to generalize from a sample to a
population.. For example, the average income of all
families(the population) in India can be estimated from
figures obtained from a few hundred(the sample)
families.
This is also a set of methods used to make a
generalization, estimate, prediction or decision.
The major use of inferential statistics is to use
information from a sample to infer something about
a population.
VARIABLES
DATA
Graphical
Presentation
Categorical Variable
Numerical
Presentation
Numerical Variable
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