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1. Descriptive statistics
– which are not restricted within the limits of a sample unlike the
descriptive statistics
2. Quantitative/Numerical Variable
• Dependent variable
• 4 measurement scales
– Nominal
– Ordinal
– Interval
– Ratio
Measurement scales…
• For example, is the d/ce b/n “OK” and “Unhappy” the same as the
d/ce b/n “Very Happy” and “Happy?” We can’t say!!!
• Measures of non-numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness,
discomfort, etc.
• “Ordinal” is easy to remember because is sounds like “order”
Measurement scales…
3. Interval scales
• Numeric scales in which we know the order and the
exact differences between the values
• Example:
– small (20–40 g),
– medium (40–60 g), and
– large (60–80 g)
Measurement scales…
4. Ratio scales
• Give the exact value between units: length, weight,
width
• Have an absolute zero–which allows for a wide range of
both descriptive and inferential statistics to be applied
• Provide a wealth of possibilities when it comes to
statistical analysis
• Can be meaningfully added, subtracted, multiplied,
divided (ratios)
Types of measurements and measurement scales…
Statistical analysis
1. Non-parametric statistics
2. Index numbers
3. Parametric tests
Statistical analysis
• It can be
– Value index (∆ in total value from one period to the base period)
Statistical analysis …
3. Parametric tests
• are statistical tests for population parameters (means,
variances, and proportions) about populations from which
the samples were selected
• Statistical tests such as z, t, and F tests =parametric tests
• Used to analyze interval and ratio scales
• Parametric statistics typically require
– Interval or ratio variables have distributions shaped like
the bell (normal) curve: Normality
– Some other assumptions: Homogeneity of variance,
Randomness and Independence
Kinds of distributions
• Probability distributions
• Let the over all mean of the varieties at each location be 75, 77 and 60
q/ha, respectively
Types of probability distributions
• Let
the standard deviations of the locations were also given:
6, 12 and 10, in that order
• To compare the z score for the three locations, the z score
should be calculated for each location
• At Koga:
• At Geray:
• At Adiet:
• At what site the new variety perform best??
Types of probability distributions…
•Normal
Distribution
• A probability distribution of any variable when ½ of it is
below the mean and ½ of it above the mean
• Biological data we encountered has a normal distribution
• Normally distributed population has a continuous variable
with an infinite range N~)
• It is a continuous, symmetric, bell-shaped distribution of the
variable
• Sample means will become normally distributed by
increasing the sample size = Central Limit Theorem
Kinds of distributions…
•Normal
distribution…
• Normal Distribution can be normal and skewed (+vely or –
vely)
= , where =sd
Distributions of sample means:
• A
sampling distribution of sample means
• a distribution obtained by using means computed from
random samples taken from a population
• If samples are not randomly selected with appropriate sizes
=>
• These differences are caused by sampling error
• Sampling error is the d/ce b/n the sample measure and the
corresponding population measure
– sample is not a perfect representation of the population
Distributions of sample means…
• When
the sample is representative to the population
1. Sample mean =population mean ( =µ)
2. The standard deviation of the sample means < the standard
deviation of the population ( ϭ(s) < ϭ(p))
– where,
– ϭ(s)= standard deviation of sample mean
– ϭ(p) =population standard deviation, and
– s= sample size
Kinds of distributions…
•
Sampling distribution…
It describes the way in which a statistic (w/c is the function
of the random variable X1, X2, …, Xn) will vary from one
sample to another sample of the same size
Such sampling distributions have given the avenue to the
test statistics for hypotheses testing
Sampling distributions and associated tests are:
1. Student t-distribution = t-test
2. F-distribution = F-test
3. Chi-square distribution =-test
Sampling distributions ..
• Student t-Distribution
1.
• It is a probability distribution value that arises when
estimating the mean of a normally distributed population in
situations where
– the sample size is small and
– population standard deviation is unknown
Where
n = sample size
• t-distribution is used in testing =sample mean,
= population mean,
– the significance of sample meanss= sample standard deviation