CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

CELL DIVISION AND

GAMETOGENESIS
Mitosis continuous process by which the body grows and
develops and dead body cells are replaced
Spermatogenesis- mitosis in the sperm
Oogenesis- mitosis in the ovum

Meiosis: cell division in reproductive cells

The number of chromosomes are reduced to 23

FERTILIZATION

Occurs when sperm penetrate ovum, occurs in outer 3rd of

fallopian tube
Sperm remains capable of fertilizing ovum for 5 days

SEX DETERMINATION

Male partner determines sex of child, sperm can carry X or Y

chromosome
Female: XX
Male : XY

DEVELOPMENT

Cell Differentiation
Chorion
Develops from the trophoblast (outer layer of embryonic cells) and
envelops the amnion, embryo, and yolk sac

Amnion
The 2nd membrane; envelops and protects the embryo; the chorion and
amnion together form amniotic sac

Yolk Sac
Only functions during embryonic life and initiates the production of RBCs

GERM LAYERS TO BODY PARTS

Ectoderm
Outer layers of skin, oil glands and hair follicles, nails, and hair,
external sense organs, mucous membrane of mouth and anus

Mesoderm
True skin, skeleton, bone and cartilage, connective tissue, muscles,
blood and blood vessels, kidneys and gonads

Endoderm
Lining of trachea, pharynx, and bronchi, lining of digestive tract,
lining of bladder and urethra

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTAL
MILESTONES
Zygote: cell formed by the union of sperm and ovum
Embryo: 2nd 8th week of development
Fetus: 9th week to birth
Week 3: heart begins to pump; mothers realize they have missed their
period
Week 8: ovaries or testes are present
Week 10: external genitalia visible by ultrasound
Week 20: age of viability

PLACENTAL HORMONES

Progesterone
Maintains uterine lining for implantation, reduces uterine
contractions, prepare breast glands for lactation, stimulates testes to
produce testosterone

Estrogen
Stimulates uterine growth, increase blood flow to uterine vessels,
stimulates development of breast ducts

HCG
The hormone signal to the corpus luteum that conception has
occurred; the basis for most pregnancy tests and can be detected 79 days after fertilization

FETAL CIRCULATION

3 fetal circulatory shunts

Ductus venosus- diverts some blood away from the liver as it returns
from the placenta
Foramen ovale- diverts most blood from the right atrium directly to
the left atrium, rather than circulating it to the lungs
Ductus arteriosus- diverts most blood from the pulmonary artery into
the aorta

MULTIFETAL PREGNANCY

Monozygotic twins (identical twins)

Genetically alike, developed from a single fertilized ovum

Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins)

Develop from two separate ova fertilized by two separate sperm
Always have two amnions, two chorions, and two placentas