OFDM

Prepared by
Dipti Raval
(15014031007)
Guided by
J.C.Prajapati

OUTLINE
OFDM

System Introduction

Channel

Estimation Techniques

Performance
Conclusion

Evaluation

OFDM Overview

Divides high-speed serial information signal into multiple

lower-speed sub-signals:

Transmits simultaneously at different frequencies in parallel.

Modulation ( BPSK, PSK,QPSK,16QAM, ).

Pilot sub-carriers used to prevent frequency and phase shift
errors.
Usage of cyclic prefix for lower multi-path distortion
Controlled overlapping of bands in one channel
Max spectral efficiency (Nyquist rate)
Easy implementation using inverse FFTs
Easy time-freq. Synchronization
Modulate by switching between time and frequency domain

Introduction to OFDM
Systems

Time-Frequency View

Some Assumptions
Usage of cyclic Prefix
Impulse response of the channel shorter
than Cyclic Prefix
Slow fading effects so that the channel is
time-invariant over the symbol interval
Rectangular Windowing of the transmitted
pulses
Perfect Synchronization of transmitter and
receiver
Additive, white, Gaussian channel noise

System Architecture

System Architecture
(contd)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Input to time domain

Guard Interval
Channel
Guard Removal
Output to frequency
domain

x n IDFT X k n 0,1,2,..., N 1
x N n ,
x n ,

x f n

y f x f n h n w n

y n y f n

7.

Output

Channel Estimation

n 0,1,..., N 1

Y k DFT y n k 0,1,2,..., N 1
Channel

6.

n N g , N g 1,...,1
n 0,1,..., N 1

ICI

AWGN

Y k X kH k Ik W k
k 0,1,..., N 1

Xek

Yk
He k

k 0,1,..., N 1

Estimated
Channel

Simulation Parameters
Parameter

Specifications

FFT Size

64

Number of Carriers

64

Pilot Ratio

1/16

Guard Length

16

Guard Type

Cyclic Extension

data rate of OFDM signal

1Mbps/sub-carrier

Signal Constellation

16QAM

System structure in MATLAB Simulation

OFDM Transmitter

OFDM Receiver

Received and Recovered

Signals

Received signal phases are distorted by multi-path fading

Comb-LS Estimation

Symbol Error Rate

Combating multipath rayleigh fading with RLS adaptive

equalization
A detail simulation with MATLAB
20 multipath, random phase, and weibull distribution of
amplitutde

Filter length .vs. Sample

Rate
Observed Symbol error rate with F ( filter length ) and
S ( samples per symbol)

1. Keep the ratio of F/S, increase S

2. Keep S, increase F.

Conclusion

OFDM System Introduction

Block Type

Comb Type

Linear
Second Order
Time Domain

Modulation

LS or LMS estimation at pilot frequencies

Interpolation Techniques

Direct or Decision Feedback

BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,DQPSK

Some Results:

Comb Type performs better since it tracks fast fading channels.

RLS algorithm vs. LMS algorithm