OMF000404 Case Study - Call Drop: Issue 2.0

Internal
OMF000404
Case Study Call Drop
Issue 2.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
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References
31160978-BSC Traffic Statistic Manual
Volume I
31033203-BSS Troubleshooting
Manual
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Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you are

supposed to be able to:
Understand the principles of call drop.
Analyze and solve call drop problems
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Page 3
Chapter 1 Principle of call drop

Chapter 2 Analysis of call drop
Chapter 3 Call drop cases
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Page 4
Chapter 1 Principle of call

drop
Section 1 Definition of
call drop
Section 2 TCH call drop
Section 3 SDCCH call
drop
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Page 5
Definition of Call Drop

There are two types of call drop: TCH call drop and SDCCH
call drop:
TCH call drop means TCH channel is released abnormally
after it is occupied successfully.
SDCCH call drop means SDCCH channel is released
abnormally after it is occupied successfully.
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Page 6

Section 1 Definition of call drop
Section 3 SDCCH call drop
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Page 7
Causes of TCH Call Drop

Usually, the typical causes for sending the Clear_Request
message are as follows:

Radio interface failure
O&M intervention
Equipment failure
Protocol error
Preemption
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Page 8
Formula of TCH Call Drop Rate

Formula of TCH call drop rate
TCH call drop rate=TCH call drops / Successful TCH

seizures (all)
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Page 9
Measurement Point of TCH Call Drop
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Page 10

TCH serves as traffic channel, BSC receives ERROR INDICATION message
from BTS.
TCH is seized as traffic channel, BSC receives CONNECT FAILURE
INDICATION message from BTS.
In assignment procedure and handover procedure, failure of decoding
HANDOVER DETECTION and HANDOVER COMPLETE message.
TCH serves as traffic channel, incoming BSC handover initiated and the
timer for the target cell to wait for HANDOVER COMPLETE message
expires.
TCH serves as traffic channel, outgoing BSC handover initiated and the
timer for the source cell to wait for CLEAR COMMAND message from MSC
expires (T8 expires).
In intra-BSC handover procedure, the target cell sends Inter Clear Request
to the source cell when the timer for the target cell to wait for HANDOVER
COMPLETE from MS expires, in this case, this item is measured in the
source cell.
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Page 11

In Intra-BSC handover procedure, the source cell, excluding the source cell
for directed retry, measures the item when the timer for the source cell to wait
for Inter Clear Request with cause value HANDOVER COMPLETE from the
target cell expires.
In Intra-BSC handover procedure, when the target cell AM/CM net-drive fails
(due to timeout or negative acknowledgement), the target cell sends Inter

Clear Request to source cell, in this case, this item is measured in the source
cell.
In the case that MS reverses to the original channel after intra BSC handover
fails, the source cell first releases the terrestrial connection but the AM/CM renet-drive fails (due to timeout or negative acknowledgement). In this case this
item is measured in the source cell.
The resource of the lower_priority call will be preempted by the higher_priority
call if MSC and BSC both supports preemption, which will cause call drop.
This item is measured when the RSL link of the TRX that the call is using
disconnects, which will cause call drop.
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Page 12
TCH Call Drop - Assignment

MS
BSC
BTS
MSC
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
CHANNEL ACTICATION
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK
ASSIGN CMMAND
SABM
ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA
ERROR INDICATION
CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION
A1
A2
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Page 13
TCH Call Drop Intra-BSC Handover

MS
BSC'
BSC Ori-Cell
BSC Tag-Cell
BSC''
Intercell Handover Request

CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
Intercell Handover Response
HANDOVER COMMAND
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER DETECT
SABM
UA
ERROR INDICATION
A1
A2
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Page 14
TCH Call Drop - Incoming BSC Handover

MS
HUAWEI BSC
Other BSC
HUAWEI BTS
MSC
HANDOVER REQUIRED
HANDOVER REQUEST ACK
HANDOVER REQUEST
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER DETECT
SABM
UA
ERROR INDICATION
A1
A2
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Page 15
Measurement Point of Successful TCH Seizures

Measurement point of Successful TCH seizures
Upon BSCs reception of CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACKNOWLEDGE

message from BTS in very early assignment TCH process.
In the case the target cell of directed retry is located in other BSC
and directed retry succeeds, MSC sends CLEAR COMMAND
message to the originating BSC to release the original connection.
This item is measured when the originating BSC receives this
message.
In the case the directed retry target cell is located in the same BSC
and the directed retry succeeds, target cell sends Inter Clear
Request message to the source cell to request to release the
resource and the original connection. This item is measured when
the source cell receives this message.
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Page 16
Measurement Point of Successful TCH

seizures
Measurement point of Successful TCH seizures
This item is measured when BSC sends ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE

message to MSC after the assignment procedure is successfully
implemented.
In incoming BSC handover procedure, MS sends HANDOVER ACCESS
message to the BSC. This item is measured when BSC receives
HANDOVER DETECT message from BTS.
In the process of incoming internal inter cell handover and intracell
handover in BSC, MS sends HANDOVER ACCESS message to BSC.
BSC measures this item in the target cell when receiving HANDOVER
DETECTION message from BTS.
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Page 17
Successful TCH Seizure Very Early Assignment

Very early assignment process
MS
BTS
Channel Request (RACH)
BSC
MSC
Channel Required
Channel Activation (TCH or SDCCH)
Channel Activation Acknowledge
Immediate Assignment Command
Immediate Assignment (AGCH)
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Page 18
Successful TCH Seizure Assignment

Assignment process
MS
BTS
BSC
MSC
ASS_REQ
CH_ACT
CH_ACT_ACK
ASS_CMD
ASS_CMD
EST_IND
ASS_CMP
ASS_CMP
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ASS_CMP
Page 19
Successful TCH Seizure Intra-BSC Handover

Intra-BSC handover process
MS
BTS1
BSC
BTS2
MS
Measurement Report from MS

Channel_Active
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
HO_ Access
PHY INFO
HO_Detect
PHY INFO
First SABM
UA
Establish_IND
Handover Complete
HO_Performed
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Page 20
MSC
Successful TCH Seizure Inter-BSC

Handover
Inter BSC handover process
MS
BTS1
BSC1
MSC
BSC2
BTS2
MS
Measure Report from MS

HO_Required
HO_Request
CH_ACT
Handover Command
HO_Request_ACK
HO_CMD
CH_ACT_ACK
HO_Detect
HO_Detect
HO_Access
PHY INFO
PHY INFO
Establish_IND First SABM

HO_CMP
Handover Complete
Clear_CMD
Clear_CMP
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Page 21
Chapter 1 Principle of call

drop
Section 1 Definition of call
drop
Section 3 SDCCH call drop
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Page 22
Formula of SDCCH Call Drop Rate

Formula of SDCCH call drop rate:
SDCCH call drop rate = SDCCH call drops/ successful

SDCCH seizures*100%
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Page 23
Measurement Point of SDCCH Call Drop

This item is measured when BSC receives ERROR INDICATION
message from BTS due to an abnormal case for a radio link layer
connection.
This item is measured when BSC receives CONNECTION FAILURE
INDICATION message from BTS because an active connection has been

broken for some reason such as SDCCH link failure or hardware failure
(see GSM 0508 for details).
In incoming BSC handover procedure on SDCCH, this item is measured
in the target cell in the case of the failure of decoding HANDOVER

DETECTION and HANDOVER COMPLETE message.
In the process of incoming BSC handover on SDCCH, this item is
measured in the target cell when the timer for the target cell to wait for
the HANDOVER COMPLETE message expires.
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Page 24

In the process outgoing BSC handover on SDCCH, this item is
measured when the timer for the source cell to wait for CLEAR
COMMAND message from MSC expires (T8 expires).
In the process of intra BSC handover on SDCCH, this item is measured
in the source cell when the timer for the source cell or the target cell to
wait for HANDOVER COMPLETE message expires.
This item is measured when the RSL link of the TRX that the call is
running on disconnect, which will cause call drop, this item measures
call drop on SDCCH for RSL disconnection.
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Page 25

MS
BTS
BSC
MSC
Channel Request Channel Required

Channel Activation (SDCCH)
Channel Activation Acknowledge
Immediate Assignment
Immediate Assignment Command

Establish Indication (L3 Info)
Or:
Or:
Connection Failure
Error Indication
Abis Failure
Cell SDCCH Call Drop

(Subject to different cases)
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Page 26
Measurement Point of Successful SDCCH

Seizures
In immediate SDCCH assignment procedure, this item is
measured when BSC receives CHANNEL ACTIVATION

ACKNOWLEDGE message from BTS.
In the process of incoming BSC handover on SDCCH. This
item is measured when BSC receives HANDOVER

DETECTION from BTS.
In the process of incoming internal inter cell handover and
intracell handover in BSC.BSC measures this item in the target

cell when receiving HANDOVER DETECTION from BTS.
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Page 27

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Page 28
Analysis of Call Drop

content
main causes of high call drop rate

troubleshooting of high call drop rate
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Page 29
Analysis of Call Drop

According to the definition of call drop measurement point, call drop is usually
caused by the following:

Radio link fault. During the communication, messages can not be received
correctly.
Abis link broken during conversation.
Call drop during handover.
Other system faults.
Timers that may cause call drops (BSC timer):
T3103: starting from sending HANDOVER CMD and ending at receiving

HANDOVER CMP. Time out of the timer will cause call drop.
T3109: starting from sending CHAN REL and ending at receiving REL IND.
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Page 30
Radio Link Fault

Signaling process chart of radio link fault
MS
BTS
(1)
Measurement Report
BSC
MSC
(2)
Measurement Result
Connection Failure
(3)
Clear_REQ (Radio Interface Failure)
(1) Dadicated mode is created. (SDCCH/TCH)

(2) Activate Abis monitoring function.
(3)SACCH message block can not be decoded(uplink/downlink),
resulting in radio link timeout.
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Page 31
Radio Link Fault

Diagram of radio link timeout
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Page 32
T3103 Times Out

Handover process
MS
BTS1
BTS2
BSC
MSC
Handover Indication
CH_ACT
CH_ACT_ACK
Handover Command
Handover Command
Handover Access
Set T3103
HO_Detect
Physical Information (TA)

SABM
EST_IND
UA
Handover Complete
Handover Complete
Reset T3103
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Page 33
Causes of Radio Link Fault

The causes of radio link fault can be
Interference
Internal interference
External interference
Equipment interference
Poor coverage
Coverage hole
Isolated island
Uplink/downlink imbalance
Improper parameter setting
Radio link timeout, SACCH multi-frames
Handover parameters
Power control parameters
Equipment problem (Antenna, feeder, combiner, TRX)
Clock problem
Transmission problem
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Page 34
Radio Link Fault - Interference

Category
Co-channel interference
Adjacent-channel interference
Inter-modulation interference and other external
interference
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Page 35

Solution
First check equipment problems.

Make an drive test, check the interference area and distribution of
signal quality. Find the interference frequency.
Further search for the interference source with the spectrum analyzer.
Activate hopping, DTX and power control functions to lower the
internal interference of the system
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Page 36

Judgment Process
Analyze the occurrence regularity of interference band in the

traffic measurement.
Observe the receiving level performance
Find the poor quality handover rate
Observe receiving quality performance
Observe call drop performance
Observe whether there are many handover failures and reversion
failures.
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Page 37
Radio Link Fault - Coverage

Coverage:
Overshooting
Coverage hole
Signal attenuation
Incomplete definition of adjacent cells
Imbalance of uplink/downlink
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Page 38

Judgment Process
Power control measurement function

Receiving level measurement function
Cell measurement function/inter-cell handover measurement function
Call drop measurement function
Defined adjacent cell measurement function
Undefined adjacent cell measurement function
Outgoing inter-cell handover measurement function
Up-down link balance measurement function
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Page 39

Solution
Adjust network parameters

Add BTS
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Page 40
Radio Link Fault - Parameters

Main parameters that may affect the call drop rate:
Radio link timeout and SACCH multi-frames

RACH busy threshold and RACH minimum access level.
MS minimum receiving signal level
Call re-establishment permitted.
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Page 41
Radio Link Fault - Parameters

Main parameters that may affect the call drop rate:
NCC permitted
Handover related parameters.
Power control related parameters.
Frequency planning parameters
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Page 42
Radio Link Fault

Judgment process
System information data

Cell data
Radio link connection timer (T3105)
Maximum times of physical information
Call drop performance measurement function
Judge from the cause of call drop
error indication
connection failure.
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Page 43
Handover Problem
Judgment process :
In inter-cell handover measurement function, it occurs

frequently that the handover fails and the reversion also
fails.
In inter-cell handover measurement function, handover
failures with successful reversions occur many times.
In undefined adjacent cell measurement function, observe
the receiving level of the undefined adjacent cells and
number of the measurement reports.
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Page 44
Handover Problem
Judgment process
In outgoing inter-cell handover measurement function, the

outgoing inter-cell handover success rate is low (for a
certain cell). Find the adjacent cell to which the handover
success rate is low and find the cause.
Incoming inter-cell handover success rate is low. The
handover judgment parameter setting of the target cell may
be improper.
In TCH measurement function, handover times are not in
normal proportion to successful TCH seizures for call.
(handovers/calls>3)
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Page 45
Equipment Problem
Call drop arising from equipment problem
Hardware problem
Transmission problem
Antenna and feeder fault
Other causes
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Page 46

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Page 47
Call Drop Case 1

Fault Description
The BTS distribution of an area is as illustrated in the

diagram (red numbers stand for BCCH frequencies. No
hopping, no DTX). Some subscribers complain that call
drop in second sector of base station C is serious.
Hardware fault has been ruled out.
please confirm whether the

frequency distribution in the
cells are resonable?
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Page 48
Call Drop Case 1

Analysis
From the analysis of BTS topology, it can be concluded that

the frequencies are well planned.
Next, check the interference band of traffic statistic.
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Page 49
Call Drop Case 1

Analysis
09:00-10:00
IB1
IB2
IB3
IB4
IB5
cell 1
2.85
14.25
1.14
0.27
0.54
cell 2
4.09
12.57
3.14
0.03
0.01
cell 3
2.92
13.27
0.25
0.37
03:00~04:00
IB1
IB2
IB3
IB4
IB5
cell 1
2.85
4.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
cell 2
4.09
2.89
0.00
0.00
0.00
cell 3
2.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
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Page 50
Call Drop Case 1

Troubleshooting
Conducting a drive tests, it is found that the quality is bad

when the receiving strength is high.
Check traffic statistic and it is found that when the call drop
rate is high, handovers are mostly caused by quality
reasons, and channel assignment failure rate is also high.
The conclusion is that there is interference from the analysis
of comprehensive traffic statistic and drive test.
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Page 51
Call Drop Case 1

Troubleshooting
A site investigation shows that the operator has a repeater.

It is a broadband repeater. It transmits the signals from a
remote TACS site. TACS signals are amplified and then
there is interference in second sector of base station C.
Problem has been located: interference causes the call
drop.
Finally, lower the power of the repeater. The interference
band reduce to IB1. Now the high call drop rate problem at
site C is solved.
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Page 52
Call Drop Case 1

Common methods of checking and clearing call drop due to interference
Rule out the internal interference caused by equipment problems and check
the separation of BTS transceivers, antenna feeder installation, and so on.
Check the interference band
Drive test
Check traffic statistic of handover causes to get judgment
Clear uplink interference
Clear downlink interference
Check whether DTX, frequency hopping technology and power control
application are reasonable
Use PBGT handover algorithm flexibly to avoid co-channel and adjacentchannel interference effectively.
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Page 53
Call Drop Case 2

Fault description
The call drop rate in cell 3 of a BTS is 10% accompanied

with high congestion rate, but call drop rate and congestion
rate in cell 1 and cell 2 are normal.
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Page 54
Call Drop Case 2

Analysis
Check the related traffic statistic

Check whether there is high interference band in TCH
measurement function.
Check the situation of call drop in call drop measurement function.
Check whether handover of the cell is normal.
Check whether there is interference through checking frequency
planning, moreover confirm whether there is external interference
with spectrum analyzer.
Drive test
Check the hardware
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Page 55
Call Drop Case 2

Troubleshooting
Block TRX in turn and the congestion rate is always quite high no
matter which TRX is blocked.
Check and analyze the traffic statistic, interference band and traffic
volume and call drop rate, and it is found that the interference
becomes more serious as the traffic gets high.
Change frequency. The frequency of cell 3 is changed to 1MHz away
from the original value. But the problem persists.
Judge whether the equipment is faulty.
Locate external interference.
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Page 56
Call Drop Case 2

Troubleshooting
Make a scanning test with a spectrum analyzer.

A suspect signal with 904.14MHz center frequency, 300K
bandwidth is found. It is similar to an analog signal and it exists
continuously.
At the distributor output port of cell 3, the signal strength is
27dBm. cell 2 is 40dBm, cell 1 is 60dBm. It accords with the
degree of interference.
Traffic volume is higher in the day time than that at night.
Now the problem is found: 904MHz external interference source.
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Page 57
Call Drop Case 2

Conclusion: solution of interference
Solve internal interference through checking frequency planning.

After internal interference is excluded, we can locate external
interference with spectrum analyzer.
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Page 58
Call Drop Case 3

Fault description
Subscribers complain that call drops often happen from on

the 5th floor and above in a building.
Subscriber complaint is also an important source of information

about the network quality.
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Page 59
Call Drop Case 3

Analysis
Perform on-site test

There are call drops and noise on the site
The test mobile phone shows that before the call drop the
serving cell is BTS-B. But this building should be covered by
BTS-A.
Check traffic statistic
BTS-B is about 9 kilometers away from this building. It is
determined that the BTS-B signal received in this area is
coming from some obstacles reflection. Thus an isolated
island coverage is formed in this area.
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Page 60
Call Drop Case 3

Analysis
Check data configuration

In BSC data configuration, BTS-A is not configured as the adjacency of
BTS-B
Cause analysis of call drop
When the MS uses the signal of cell 2 of BTS-B in this area, the signal
of cell 3 of BTS-A is strong. But cell 2 of BTS-B and cell 3 of BTS-A are
not adjacent, therefore, handover cannot happen.
The signal in cell 2 of BTS-B is the result of multiple reflections. When
the signal of BTS-B received by the mobile phone gets weak suddenly,
an emergency handover is needed. But there is no adjacent cell of
BTS-B, so call drops will occur.
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Page 61
Call Drop Case 3

Troubleshooting
Modify the data in BA1 table, BA2 table and add adjacent cell
relationship, set cell 3 of BTS-A as an adjacent cell of cell 2 of BTS-B.
Optimize the network parameters to eliminate the isolated island.
The test results show that the call drop problem is solved.
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Page 62
Call Drop Case 3

Conclusion two methods to solve isolated island problem
Adjust the antenna of the isolated cell, to eliminate the isolated island
problem.
Define new adjacent cells for the isolated cell.
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Page 63
Call Drop Case 4

Fault description
In a drive test from A to B, it is found that there are many call drops
at entrance of a tunnel near a BTS due to slow handover.
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Page 64
Call Drop Case 4

Analysis
The tunnel is near the BTS. When the MS enters the tunnel, the power
of the target cell is -80dBm. But the signal of source cell goes down
quickly to less than -100dBm. Before the MS enters the tunnel, the
downlink power of the two cells is good and no handover is triggered.
When the MS enters the tunnel, the level of the source cell goes down
rapidly. The call drop occurs before any handover is triggered.
Think it over: How to solve problems of this type?
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Page 65
Call Drop Case 4

Troubleshooting
The adjusted parameters are listed below.

Parameter name
Value before
change
Value after
change
PBGT watch time
PBGT valid time
PBGT HO threshold
72
68
UL Qual. Thrsh.
(Emergency handover)
70
60
Min. DL level on
candidate cell
10
15
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Page 66
Call Drop Case 4

Conclusion: optimize and adjust handover parameters to reduce call drop
On condition that there is no ping-pang handover and excessive voice

interruption, PBGT handover can help to reduce interference and lower
call drop rate.
Set emergency handover thresholds properly, and make sure the
emergency handover can be triggered in time before the call drop so as
to reduce call drops.
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Page 67
Call Drop Case 5

Fault description
In the dial test, many call drops are found in cell 2.

Analysis
Check the traffic statistic and find out that TCH congestion rate of this cell
is over 10% and internal inter-cell handover failure rate is high. It is found
that one TRX board of this cell is abnormal in OMC. A preliminary
conclusion is that TRX board problem causes the call drop.
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Page 68
Call Drop Case 5

Troubleshooting
Lock the frequency with a test mobile phone and perform dial test for
many times. It is found that call drops only happen in timeslots 1, 3, 5, 7
while communications in timeslots 2, 4, 6, 8 are normal.
Move this board to another slot, and the problem still exists.
Move another good board to this slot, and the communication is normal.
Move this defective board to other cabinet, the problem arises.
When it is replaced, the communication is recovered.
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Page 69
Call Drop Case 5

Conclusion
The BTS test should guarantee that communication should be successful

not only in each TRX but also in each timeslot of the TRX.
It must be ensured that each TCH channel provides bidirectional high
quality communication.
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Page 70
Call Drop Case 6

Fault description
In dual-band network, when a call is setup in a GSM1800 cell and being

handed over to a GSM900 cell in the same site, the call drops in the
GSM900 cell in 2 to 5 seconds. The call drop rate in the GSM900 cell is
quite high.
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Page 71
Call Drop Case 6

Analysis
In the test it is found that the clock of GSM900 cell and GSM1800 cell
are not synchronized.
When a call set up in a GSM1800 cell and is handed over to a GSM900
cell, the drive test tool shows that FER increases to the maximum value
suddenly and then it goes down to zero gradually.
It is the same with the handover from GSM900 to GSM1800.
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Page 72
Call Drop Case 6

Troubleshooting
After adjusting GSM900 clock system, the abnormal call drop

problem is solved.
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Page 73
Call Drop Case 6

Conclusion
Clocks of GSM900 and GSM1800 should be exactly synchronized

with each other in a dual band network, otherwise there will be call
drops and handover failures.
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Page 74
Summary
Types of call drop

Measurement points of TCH call drop
Measurement points of SDCCH call
drop
Causes of call drop
Cases
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Page 75
Thank You
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Upon completion of this course, you are

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Chapter 1 Principle of call drop

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Chapter 1 Principle of call

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Definition of Call Drop

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Chapter 1 Principle of call drop

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Causes of TCH Call Drop

message are as follows:

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Formula of TCH Call Drop Rate

TCH call drop rate=TCH call drops / Successful TCH

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Measurement Point of TCH Call Drop

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Measurement Point of TCH Call Drop

TCH is seized as traffic channel, BSC receives CONNECT FAILURE

INDICATION message from BTS.

In assignment procedure and handover procedure, failure of decoding

HANDOVER DETECTION and HANDOVER COMPLETE message.

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Measurement Point of TCH Call Drop

(due to timeout or negative acknowledgement), the target cell sends Inter

The resource of the lower_priority call will be preempted by the higher_priority

disconnects, which will cause call drop.

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TCH Call Drop - Assignment

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TCH Call Drop Intra-BSC Handover

Intercell Handover Request

CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION

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TCH Call Drop - Incoming BSC Handover

HANDOVER REQUEST ACK

CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION

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Measurement Point of Successful TCH Seizures

Upon BSCs reception of CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACKNOWLEDGE

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Measurement Point of Successful TCH

This item is measured when BSC sends ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE

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