PRINCIPLES OF

DESTRUCTIVE TEST
& IMPACT TEST
B y,
1 . N u r Az wa n i B t R a m l i ( 0 8 D K M 1 4 F 1 0 8 5 )
2 . A i n a S ya f i q a h B t N a z l i n ( 0 8 D K M 1 4 F 115 3 )
3 . N u r a n i s S u r a ya B t M o h d R a p i ( 08 D K M 1 4 F 1 0 4 5 )
4 . N u r H a l e e d a Ayu n i e B t M o h d M i l a t u ( 0 8 D K M 1 4 F 110 5 )
5 . A s m a i z a n B t Ab R a h m a n ( 0 8 D K M 1 4 F 1 0 0 6 )

H A R D NE S S T E S T
The resistance of a metal to permanent(plastic) deformation
Indentation Hardness used for steel
as opposed to scratch or rebound hardness

It is indicative of ultimate tensile strength

Atoms move out of the way to create indentation

Two main types: Brinell,Rockwell and Vickers

SIMPLE TEST WORKSHOP (HARDNESS)

The Plunger is dropped

from a 500mm height
onto different materials.

Heavy Plunger

The indentations on
each test piece are
measured.
The deeper the
indentation the softer
the material

Clear Acrylic Tube

Specimen to be Tested
Steel Ball Bearing

HARDNESS TESTING
Measures the materials resistance to indentation or
scratching
Hardness Value
Read Directly From
Dial
Table Height
Adjustment

Indenter

Test Component
Placed on Table

Activating lever

Direct Reading Hardness Testing

Machine (Vickers or Brinell)

1.BRINELL HARDNESS TESTING

Measures the materials resistance to indentation or scratching

The Brinell hardness test

uses a hardened steel or
tungsten carbide ball of
10mm, 5mm or 1mm
diameter. The diameter of
the indentation is measured
and it is used to indicate the
hardness of the material

BRINELL HARDNESS

BHN

D D

2P

BRINELL HARDNESS
A spherical indenter (1 cm diameter) is shot with 29 kN force
at the target
Frequently the indenter is steel, but for harder materials it is
replaced with a tungsten carbide sphere
The diameter of the indentation is recorded
The indentation diameter can be correlated with the volume
of the indentation.
ASTM and ISO use the HB value. It can be HBS (Hardness,
Brinell, Steel) or the HBW (Hardness, Brinell, Tungsten)
HBW = 0.102 BHN
Sometimes written as HBW 10/3000 (Tungsten, 10 mm
diameter, 3,000 kg force)

TYPICAL HB VALUES
Material
Softwood (e.g., pine)
Hardwood
Aluminum
Copper
Mild steel
18-8 (304) stainless steel
annealed
Glass
Hardened tool steel
Rhenium diboride

Hardness
1.6 HBS 10/100
2.67.0 HBS 1.6
10/100
15 HB
35 HB
120 HB
200 HB
1550 HB
15001900 HB
4600 HB

2.VICKERS HARDNESS TESTING

Measures the materials resistance to indentation or scratching

A square pyramid shaped

indenter (point angle 136) is
forced into the specimen. The
diagonal length of the indented
square is measured. This
measurement is taken by a
special microscope for accuracy.
It is then converted into a
Vickers hardness
number

3 . ROC KW E L L HA R D N E S S

ROCKWELL HARDNESS SCALES

Scale
A

Code

Load

HRA 60 kgf

Indenter

Use

120 diamond cone

Tungsten carbide
Al, brass, and
soft steels

HRB 100 kgf

1/16 in diameter steel sphere

C
D

HRC 150 kgf

HRD 100 kgf

120 diamond cone

120 diamond cone

HRE 100 kgf

1/8 in diameter steel sphere

HRF 60 kgf

1/16 in diameter steel sphere

HRG 150 kgf

1/16 in diameter steel sphere

Harder steels

CONVERSION/COMPARISON
HBW
10/3000

HRA 60KG

HRB 100KG

HRC 150KG

Tensile
Strength
(Approx)

638

80.8

59.2

329,000

578

79.1

56

297,000

461

74.9

48.5

235,000

375

70.6

40.4

188,000

311

66.9

33.1

155,000

241

61.8

100

22.8

118,000

207

94.6

16

100,000

179

89

87,000

149

80.8

73,000

111

65.7

56,000

I M P AC T T E S T
1.IZOD TEST

Impact : To ascertain the fracture characteristic of materials

Measures a materials toughness
Start Position
of Pendulum

Pendulum

Scale to read energy

absorbed in breaking
the specimen

Test Specimen
Held Vertically
Vice

IZOD IMPACT TEST

Measures a materials toughness
Pendulum
The Specimen is held
vertically in a vice
The notch on the
specimen faces the
pendulum

Vice
Specimen

The striking energy of

the pendulum is 167
Joules

2 . C H A R P Y I M PACT T E S T
Measures a materials toughness
Pendulum
The Specimen is held
horizontally between
two supports
The notch on the
specimen faces away
from the pendulum

Support
Specimen

The striking energy of

the pendulum is 300
Joules