Generator Management Relay

Protection, metering, and monitoring functions for generators .

Presented by:

John Levine, P.E.

Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc.
John@L-3.com
770 565-1556

Outline
Overview
Theory
Wiring
Security

What a Generator looks like

Generator Protection

Generator Protection

Overview

Why Upgrade? Generator and Transformer

Existing generator and transformer protection (more than 5 years or nondigital) may:
Cause protection security issues
Tripping on through-faults, external faults, swings, load encroachment and energizing

May lack comprehensive monitoring and communications capabilities

Not provide valuable forensic info that can lead to rapid restoration

Not be up to ANSI/IEEE Standards!

Insurance, Asset Reliability and Personal Liability Issues

C37-102: Guide for the Protection of Synchronous Generators

C37.91: Guide for Transformer Protection

Generator Management Relay

Product Overview
Ideal Protection for Induction and
Synchronous Generators at 25, 50 and 60Hz
Complete Generator Protection including:
Generator Stator Differential
2 or 3 Zone Distance Backup
100% Stator Ground
High speed sampling, 12 samples per cycle
Drawout Case Installation
Powerful Fault Recording: Waveform,
Sequence of Events
Ethernet and Serial Communications
Metering of all important parameters

Theory

Show Generator Theory General Overview and

Typical System from Training CD

Generator Protection
System
Ground
Stator
Ground
Exciter

The
"Wild"
Power
System

Stator
Phase
System
Phase

Internal and External Short Circuits

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Generator Protection Review

Abnormal Operating Conditions

Loss of Synchronism
Abnormal Frequency
Overexcitation
Field Loss
Inadvertent Energizing
Breaker Failure
Loss of Prime Mover Power
Blown VT Fuses
Open Circuits

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Generator Protection
Over
Power

Overexcitation
Loss of Field

Open
Circuits

Loss of Field
Overexcitation

Overexcitation

The
"Wild"
Power
System

Exciter

G
Abnormal
Frequency
Reverse
Power

Inadvertent
Energizing,
Pole Flashover
Breaker
Failure

Abnormal
Frequency

Loss of
Synchronism

Abnormal Operating Conditions

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IEEE PSRC Survey

Conducted in early 90s, showed many areas of protection lacking
Unwillingness to upgrade:
Lack of expertise
To recognize deficiency
To perform the work

Generators dont trip (wrong)

Operating procedures will save the day

PSRC = Power System Relay Committee

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ANSI/IEEE Standards
Latest developments reflected in:

Std. 242: Buff Book

C37.102: IEEE Guide for Generator Protection
C37.101: IEEE Guide for AC Generator Ground Protection
C37.106: IEEE Guide for Abnormal Frequency Protection
for Power Generating Plants

These are created/maintained by the IEEE PSRC & IAS

They are updated every 5 years

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Small Machine Protection

IEEE Buff Book

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential

Small up to 1 MW to 600V, 500 kVA if >600V

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Small Machine Protection

IEEE Buff Book

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential

Medium up to 12.5 MW

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Small Machine Protection

IEEE Buff Book

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

Large up to 50 MW

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Large Machine Protection

IEEE C37.102
Unit Connected,
High Z
Grounded
32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

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HYBRID SYSTEM

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Protection Functions
Protection Functions
Include:
Generator Stator Differential
Backup Distance Protection
100% Stator Ground
Generator Unbalance
Loss of Excitation
Accidental Energization
Breaker Fail
Phase Overcurrent Voltage Restraint
Neutral Inst. / Timed Overcurrent
Neg. Sequence Overcurrent
Under / Over Voltage
Under / Over Frequency
Generator Thermal Model
RTD Temperature
Overexcitation Volts/Hertz

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Generator Protection

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Generator Protection with GSU Wrap

PTs on Low Side

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Generator Protection with GSU Wrap

PTs on High Side

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Generator Protection
PTs on Low Side

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Desirable Attributes - Generator

Reverse Power (32)
Should be sensitive to 0.05 pu to properly detect motoring in large steam turbines
Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough
May cause shutdown difficulties

Negative Sequence (46)

Should be sensitive to low values to detect open poles/conductors on system after GSU
Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough

Long time low level events may cause excessive rotor heating, thermal tripping and
damage rotor

100% Stator Ground (59N / 59D)

Protects all of the stator winding
Existing schemes typically only see 90%
Stop low level fault near neutral from degrading into a high level fault and causing large
amounts of damage
Very secure

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Desirable Attributes - Generator

Inadvertent Energizing (50/27)

High speed tripping of unit after breaker accidentally closed on dead
machine, also pole flashover prior to syncing
Most existing schemes do not incorporate

Many schemes fail due to complexity (reliance on breaker auxiliary

switches, yard distance relays, etc.
If breaker is not tripped rapidly, mechanical and electric damage can
occur to machine in fractions of a second!
Pole flashovers must be cleared by high speed breaker failure, as the
breaker is open!

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Line Ground faults Delta Connected Generator

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Line Ground faults Wye Connected Generator

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Protection Functions
Generator Stator Differential
Stator Phase Differential
Dual Slope Percent Restraint Operating
Characteristic
Directional Supervision under saturation
conditions

Distance Backup Protection

2 or 3 Zone Mho Distance Protection
Backup for primary line protection
Configurable Reach and Angle Distance
Characteristic

Dual Slope Phase Differential

100% Stator Ground Protection

95% Fundamental OverVoltage
15% Third Harmonic UnderVoltage
Two Zone Distance Backup

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Protection Functions
Voltage Protection

Phase Overvoltage
Phase Undervoltage
Neutral Overvoltage (fundamental)
Neutral Undervoltage (3rd Harmonic)
Voltage Phase Reversal

Current Protection

Voltage Restraint Overcurrent

Phase, Ground and Negative Sequence

Overcurrent Tripping
IEC, ANSI , IAC and Customizable
Overcurrent Curves
Voltage Restraint increasing sensitivity under
low voltage conditions

Frequency Protection
Overfrequency
Underfrequency

Undervoltage Trip Curves

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Protection Functions
Thermal Protection
Generator Thermal Model
RTD Alarming and Tripping
RTD Biased Thermal Model
Inadvertent Energization
Prevents Accidentally Closing a Stopped
Generator
onto a Live Line
Armed when Generator is Offline and Voltage is below a preset level
Thermal Model Voltage
Dependant
Overload Curves

Loss of Excitation

(show Training CD)

Uses Impedance Circle for loss of excitation

2 Zones for fault detection and control

detection

Volt/Hertz (Overexcitation)
Detects changes in the Volts/Hertz ratio of
the generator or associated transformer

Loss of Excitation

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Wiring

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Example

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Enhanced Security
Prevents Unauthorized Access and Provide
Traceability
Security Audit Trail
Date and time of hardware,
firmware or setting changes
to your relays
Logging of the MAC address of
computers and users making
settings changes
Track method of how settings
changes were made (i.e.
keypad, serial port, ethernet)

Date/time
security report
was generated
Description of
the GE Multilin
Relay
Summary of
the last time
the
configuration
was changed
History of last
10 occurrences
the
configuration
was changed

Security strategy conforms to industry and regulated guidelines

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