Globalization is a

process of
interaction and
integration among
the people,
companies, and
governments of
different nations, a
process driven by
international trade
and investment and
aided by information
technology.

Types of Globalization:
Economic Globalization
No national economy is an island now. Globalization is predominantly an
economic process involving the transfer of economic resources form one
country to another.

Cultural Globalization
Culture has increasingly become a commodity. The flow of culture is
mainly from the North to the South. In the last few years the media
owners of the West have shown interest in entering developing countries.
As the flow of culture is mainly from the centre to the periphery, from the
North to the South, and from the towns and cities to villages, it is the
cultures of villages of poor countries which will be the first to suffer
erosion.

Political Globalization
Since long, efforts have been on to bring the whole
world under one government. The League of Nations and
the UN have been the efforts in that direction. It is believed
that the world under one government will be safer and freer
from conflicts: The UN has belied expectations, but a
number of regional organisations like European Union,
ASEAN, APEC and SAARC, and multicultural economic
organisations such as WTO have come up.
The member-states remain sovereign, but through their
obligations and commitments, they have, to some extent,
integrated themselves to the concerned international
organisations and groupings.

Financial Globalization
Interconnection of the worlds financial systems (e.g. stock
markets)
(Example: What happens in Asian markets affects the North
American markets.)
Technological Globalization
Connection between nations through technology such as
television, radio, telephones, internet, etc.
Ecological Globalization
Seeing the Earth as a single ecosystem rather than a collection
of separate ecological systems because so many problems are
global in nature.
(e.g. International treaties to deal with environmental issues like
biodiversity, climate change or the ozone layer, wildlife reserves
that span several countries.)
Sociological Globalization
A growing belief that we are all global citizens and should all be
held to the same standards and have the same rights (e.g. the
growing international ideas that capital punishment is immoral
and that women should have all the same rights as men).

The Effects of Economic Globalization

on Developing Countries:
Increased Standard of Living
Economic globalization gives governments of developing
nations access to foreign lending. When these funds are used on
infrastructure including roads, health care, education, and social
services, the standard of living in the country increases. If the
money is used only selectively, however, not all citizens will
participate in the benefits.
Access to New Markets
Globalization leads to freer trade between countries. This is
one of its largest benefits to developing nations. Homegrown
industries see trade barriers fall and have access to a much wider
international market. The growth this generates allows
companies to develop new technologies and produce new
products and services.

Widening Disparity in Incomes

While an influx of foreign companies and foreign capital
creates a reduction in overall unemployment and poverty, it can
also increase the wage gap between those who are educated
and those who are not. Over the longer term, education levels
will rise as the financial health of developing countries rise, but
in the short term, some of the poor will become poorer. Not
everyone will participate in an elevation of living standards.
Decreased Employment
The influx of foreign companies into developing countries
increases employment in many sectors, especially for skilled
workers. However, improvements in technology come with the
new businesses and that technology spreads to domestic
companies. Automation in the manufacturing and agricultural
sectors lessens the need for unskilled labor and unemployment
rises in those sectors. If there is no infrastructure to help the
unemployed train for the globalized economy, social services in
the country may become strained trying to care for the new
underclass.

Negative effects of globalization for

developing country business:
1. The growth of international trade is exacerbating income
inequalities, both between and within industrialized and less
industrialized nations
2. Global commerce is increasingly dominated by transnational
corporations which seek to maximize profits without regard for the
development needs of individual countries or the local populations
3. Protectionist policies in industrialized countries prevent many
producers in the Third World from accessing export markets;
4. The volume and volatility of capital flows increases the risks of
banking and currency crises, especially in countries with weak
financial institutions
5. Competition among developing countries to attract foreign
investment leads to a "race to the bottom" in which countries
dangerously lower environmental standards
6. Cultural uniqueness is lost in favor of homogenization and a
"universal culture" that draws heavily from American culture

Positive effects of globalization for

developing country business:
1. It creates greater opportunities for firms in less industrialized
countries to tap into more and larger markets around the world
2. This can lead to more access to capital flows, technology,
human capital, cheaper imports and larger export markets
3. It allows businesses in less industrialized countries to become
part of international production networks and supply chains that
are the main conduits of trade

For thousands of years, peopleand, later, corporations

have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at
great distances (such as through the famed Silk Road across
Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle
Ages). Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have
invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many of the
features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those
prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
But policy and technological developments of the past few
decades have spurred increases in cross-border trade,
investment, and migration so large that many observers believe
the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic
development. Distinguishing this current wave of globalization
from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today
globalization is
farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.

This current wave of globalization has been driven by

policies that have opened economies domestically and
internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and
especially during the past two decades, many governments
have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing
their own productive potential and creating myriad new
opportunities for international trade and investment.
Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in
barriers to commerce and have established international
agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and
investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign
markets, corporations have built foreign factories and
established production and marketing arrangements with
foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore,
is an international industrial and financial business structure.

Technology has been the other principal driver of

globalization. Advances in information technology, in particular,
have dramatically transformed economic life. Information
technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors
consumers, investors, businessesvaluable new tools for
identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster
and more informed analyses of economic trends around the
world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung
partners.
Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of
globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their
citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of
living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of
an unfettered international free market has benefited
multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense
of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people.
Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a
popular and at a governmental level as people and governments
try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas that
constitute the current wave of globalization.

To find the right balance

between benefits and costs
associated with globalization,
citizens of all nations need to
understand how globalization
works and the policy choices
facing them and their societies.

globalization101.org
Source: Don McCubbrey. Negative and positive effects of globalization for developing
country business. Business Fundamentals. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 13 Apr.
2016 from https://www.boundless.com/users/235420/textbooks/businessfundamentals/international-business-for-the-entrepreneur-14/globalizationopportunities-and-threats-to-developing-country-business-55/negative-and-positiveeffects-of-globalization-for-developing-country-business-253
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