HISTORICAL

CONTEXT

Rise of West:
Since late 18th C
Industrial revolution
The rise of commercial activity and trades

Enlightenment
The rise of scientific knowledge

Age of Imperialism

Modernization
Synonymous with Westernization
Started from 16th C
Unequal trades between West and Non-West

Feudalism to Capitalism
Started from the mid 18th C
Industrialization

World War I (1914-1918)

The first Total War
War among the Empires
Modern War

Causes of World War One

German problem
Eastern question (Balkans)
Imperialism
Nationalism

Map of Europe in 1914

World Map in 1914

Causes of World War Two

The World War One peace settlements
The global economic crisis of the 1930s
Nazi expansionism (sometimes linked to
the personal influence of Hitler)
Japanese expansionism in Asia

World Map in 1941

1945: a turning point

Decolonization: European empires gradually
disintegrate. Across Asia, Africa and the Middle
East, this initiated political, economic and
ideological developments which would
profoundly affect global politics.
The Cold War: tensions escalate between an
increasingly US-dominated West and a Sovietdominated East.

Japanese Occupation in the

Philippines (1942-1945)
Casualty
510,000 Japanese soldiers died
10,000 American soldiers died.
1M Filipino civilians were killed (estimated)

The Philippines gained the independence in

1943, Oct 14 (so called the Second Republic)

The Philippines was liberated by the US in

1945

Filipino resistance against

Japan
Filipinos resisted against Japan with
great persistence, in Bataan and
Corregidor
Nowhere else in SEA did the local fight so
hard on behalf of their colonial rulers

Upon its return, the US forces and the

Philippine government oppressed
Hukbalahap.

Revolutionary elements
Put emphasis on herd
mentality and peasant life
Criticized material culture
brought by the US colonialism
Undermined the supremacy
of Spanish and English
languages

Re-evaluating peasant life

Increase of Tagalog speakers

from Philippine Census

Filipino collaboration
with Japan
J. Laurel Government established in
Oct. 1943
President Quezon tells Jose P Laurel (Acting Chief
Justice): Someone will have to meet the Japanese. The
people must be given the necessary protection. Times will
be hard. A big man is needed for the job. You must stay.

Laurel encouraged propagation of

Tagalog as the national language and
teaching

Jose Laurels inauguration

speech
Mga Lakas na
Nagpapadakila sa Ating
Bansa
Under the new order in our country all
impediments to frequent and devout communion
with our glorious past have been removed.

Jose Laurels inauguration

speech (continued)
This will enable access to the founts of inspiration
issuing forth from the valiant deeds of Solimn and
Lapu-Lapu, from the achievements of Kalantiao
and the unknown builder of the Benguet terraces,
from the supreme sacrifice of Rizal and Bonifacio
and countless other heroes of the raceThis
access to power in the past should refresh our
energies, wash away any trace of inferiority we
might still feel, and nourish us into greater
strength.

History classes during the US

colonial period
When the Americans supplanted the Spaniards in the
Philippines, they introduced their system of public
education which, while advantageous to the Filipinos in
some respects, was, on the other hand, a terrible burden
on the minds of the school boys and girls, who learned not
about Rizal, del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, Bonifacio, and other
Filipino heroes, but about Washington and the apocryphal
cherry tree, about Lincoln, about snow, about Santa Claus,
and all about Western concepts, values, and aesthetics
which were totally alien to the experience of Filipino
students.
(Teodoro Agoncillo, Philippine History through Filipino Eyes, 1974)

Independence
October 14, 1943
Half a million people attended the
independence ceremony at Luneta Park.
General Emilio Aguinaldo, assisted by
General Artemio Ricarte, hoisted the Filipino
flag in front of the inaugural stand, to the
tune of the Philippine National Anthem,
many in the crowd shed tears of joy
T. Agoncillo, Fateful Years (vol.1), 1965: 394p

Artemio Ricarte:
Forgotten hero
Mahal Na Kabataan
Ng Aking Bayan (1942)
It was about forty years
ago when your fathers and elders were
young people like you. I was together with
them in the war against the Americans.

Ricartes Bio (1866-1945)

General of Philippine Revolution and
Filipino-American War
Exiled to Japan in 1910
Stayed in Japan more than 30 years
and only went to back to the
Philippines in 1944 during WWII

(From Ricarte)
In the end we were defeated in battle, not because
we lacked bravery or lakas ng loob, but because
we lacked weapons. They surrendered against
their will to the American army. When this country,
Filipinas, was occupied at that time, they burned
our houses; they destroyed our towns; and they
behaved towards us with such cruelty that had
never before been seen in the history of Mankind
When our countrymen learned about our inhuman
(malahayop) treatment by the Americans, this
brought deep pain to their hearts and they were
overcome with sorrow

(From Ricarte)
From the time I set foot on our country, I
travelled to all parts of the Philippines, and I
observed what the Americans had taught
and left behind for us. We were deceived
[tayo ay kanilang dinaya]. We were exploited
as we progressed, because they did not
have a good character [walang mabuting
kaugalian]. Their oppressive aims were
deviously kept from our view. . .

Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio

Representations

Japanese Newspaper finding

Hot Wars: War by proxy

1950-53: Korean Wars

1960-75: Vietnam Wars
1948-1973: Arab-Israel conflicts

Why did
the Cold War end?
The structural weaknesses of Soviet-style
communism
The impact of Gorbachevs reform process
US policy and the Second Cold War
Economic and cultural globalization

The World Since 1990

The inheritance from colonialism
British and French mandates in the middle east

Conflict between Israel and the Palestinians

The curse of oil
The rise of political Islam

Dictatorship as buffer
Authoritarian regime in the Middle East was supported by
the US and free world during the time of Cold War
1) Political and economic stability
against the threat of Communism
2) The US trained military troops such
as Al Qaeda in order to interrupt the
Soviet Unions expansion

CIAs friends in the past,

demons in the present

Arab Spring: Democracy

questioned
Dictators were stepped down by people
power and new democratic form of
governments were installed in the Middle
East and North Africa (Libya, Tunisia,
Egypt, Yemen)
Neo-cons are sponsors for the divide
between the Muslims and non-Muslims.

Who are the Neoconservatives?

Rich Jewish people in the US who support
the Zionism movements
5M~8M (1.7% - 2.6% of the U.S. population)
139 of the richest 400 Americans are Jewish
(20 of the richest 50)

Supported Iraq war and used a false flag

Had a big say during the Bush regime