PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
-BITUMEN
Contents
Introduction
Types
Properties
Tests on Bitumen
Grading of Bitumen
Introduction
Used in pavements
Binding material
Used in
wearing course
Primer
Patch works
Surface dressing etc.,
Bitumen, Tar are not same.
Bitumen and Tar
Black or dark colored solid, viscous
cementitious substance.
Bitumen is petroleum product obtained
by distillation of crude petroleum or
naturally available in asphalt.
Coal tar by product in destructive
distillation of coke
Bitumen and Tar
Bitumen
Excellent Binding properties
Good water proofing surface
Tar
Highly temperature susceptible
Pollutant
Poor adhesion in presence of water
Bitumen preferred over Tar
Bitumen - Definition
According to ASTM Bitumen is hydrocarbon material of either
natural or pyrogenous origin found in
gaseous, liquid, semi-solid or solid form
and is completely soluble in carbon-disulphide , carbon tetra chloride
Bitumen - Intro
Definition
At normal range of temp semi solid state
When heated viscosity decreases
For construction of pavements heated
from 130 to 175C
Mixing with aggregates at high temp Hot
bituminous mix
Mixing with aggregates at low or normal
temperature Cold bituminous mix
Grades of Bitumen
Bitumens can be majorly classified into
2 types
Paving grade bitumen: Used for construction
of roads and airfields
Industrial grade bitumen: water proofing of
structures and industrial floors etc.,
Types
Paving grade bitumen
Modified bitumen binders
Cutback bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Cutback bitumen
To have fluid consistency at normal
temp, with low heating cutback
bitumen is used
Dilution of paving grade in volatile
solvents kerosene, light fuel oil etc.,
Hardening rate depends on the grade
and characteristics of bitumen and
solvent.
RC, MC, SS
Cutback bitumen
RC is recommended for surface
dressing and patchwork.
MC is recommended for premix with
less quantity of fine aggregates.
SS is used for premix with appreciable
quantity of fine aggregates.
Bitumen Emulsion
To get fluid consistency
Dispersing bitumen globules in aqueous
solution (i.e., water with dispersing
agent)
60% water, remaining bitumen
Cold bituminous mix
Properties depend on grade, water
quantity, emulsifier
RS, MS, SS
Modified Bitumen
Binders
To improve the properties of bitumen
Additives are mixed
Polymer modified bitumen is used only
in wearing course depending on the
severity of climatic and weather
conditions
Advantages of modified bitumen
Lower susceptibility to daily and seasonal
temperature variations
Higher resistance to deformation at high
pavement temperature
Better age resistance properties
Higher fatigue life for mixes
Better adhesion between aggregates and
binder
Prevention of cracking and reflective cracking
Functions of Binders
Used in surface course
Used in base course depending on traffic
Used in preparation of mixes
Used as prime coat over granular base
course
Used in soil stabilization
Sealer material for filling joints, cracks in
cc pavements
Requirements
Adequate viscosity
Heating bitumen, aggregate
Cutback
Emulsion
Sufficiently viscous on cooling compact surface
with no deformation
Form thin film around aggregates
Sufficient ductility
Temp susceptibility
Adhesion with aggregates in presence of water
affinity between the materials used in the mix
Tests on Bitumen
Penetration test
Ductility test
Softening point test
Specific gravity test
Viscosity test
Flash and fire point test
Float test
Water content test
Loss on heating test
Penetration test
Measures hardness or softness of
bitumen
Measures penetration depth in tenths of
a millimeter to which a standard loaded
needle will penetrate in 5 sec
Standardized equipment BIS
Penetrometer device consists a
needle, weight of 100g, device for
releasing and locking position
Penetration test setup Rough
diagram
Penetrometer
Bitumen heated to pouring consistency
Placed in containers to a depth i.e.,
min15mm excess of expected
penetration
Conducted at 25C
Highly fluctuated with small inaccuracy
Results are used for grading the bitumen
i.e., 40/50 or 80/90 etc., bitumens
Ductility test
It is the property that permits bitumen to
undergo great deformation without
breaking
Ductility is defined as the distance in cm,
to which a standard sample or briquette
of the material will be elongated without
breaking
The bitumen sample is heated and
poured in the mould assembly placed on
a plate
Cooled in air and then kept in waterbath
at 27C
Sides are removed
Attached to a machine
Minimum ductility is 75cm
Ductility Mould
Softening point test
Ring and Ball
Temperature at which the bitumen attains a
particular degree of softening
Brass Ring containing test sample
Suspended in liquid (water, glycerin etc.,)
Heating @5C/Min
Softening point denotes the temp at which
bitumen touches the base metal plate.
Specific Gravity Test
Used for classification
Density influenced by chemical
composition
Using pycnometer method or any other
standard method
0.97 to 1.02
Viscosity Test
It is fluid property of bitumen
Measure of resistance to flow
Influences the strength of resulting mixes
Very low and high viscosity decreases the stability of
mix
High viscosity non homogenous mix
Low viscosity no uniform film on aggregates, just
lubricates
Orifice type viscometer and other types of equipment
is used
Time noted for receiving specific quantity of bitumen material
through orifice
Flash and Fire point test
High temperatures Bitumen leaves volatiles
These are inflammable
Important to know at where it catches fire
According to BIS, flash point is the temperature
at which the vapour of the bitumen momentarily
catches fire in the form of flash.
Fire point is the temperature at which the
material gets ignited and burns
Flash point should be min 175C
Water content test
Bitumen distilled in petroleum
Heated
Wait of water condensed and collected
is expressed as the percentage by
weight of original sample
Allowable maximum water content
should not be more than 0.2% by weight
Loss on Heating Test
Bitumen loses volatility upon heating and gets
hardened
50gms of sample is weighed and heated to
163C for 5 hours
Sample weighed after heating
Loss in weight is expressed as the percentage
by weight of the original sample.
For paving mixes not more than 1% is allowed
How ever, if the bitumen has penetration
values of 150 -200mm 2% is allowed.
Thankyou
