Errors in judging offside in football

Presented Group1

Cited from:Nature in 2000

 Introduction

CONTENT

Experiment Procedure
Data Interpretation

Introduction
Offside
A player is in an offside position if he is in the opposing tea
m's half of the field and is also "nearer to his opponents' goal line
than both the ball and the second-last opponent.

Introduction
FE/NFE
flag error: the AR wrongly raises his flag to call offside
no-flag error: the outside is offside. But the AR will perceiv
e attacker and defender as being in line, and so keep his flag dow
n.
AR
assistant referees

Introduction
Optically inevitable
this is probably due to the angle of viewing by the assistant
referee, who is frequently positioned beyond the last defender

Hypothesis1
the AR cannot see passer and receiver simultaneously

false)

Experiment Procedure
Field experiments
One AR wore a lightweight, head-mounted video camera to
record his head movements relative to the scene.

Introduction
Optically inevitable
this is probably due to the angle of viewing by the assistant
referee, who is frequently positioned beyond the last defender

Hypothesis1
the AR cannot see passer and receiver simultaneously

an AR equipped with a
head-mounted camera showed no
shift of
gaze from passer to receiver

Introduction
Hypothesis
judging offside may often be the result of the relative optica
l projections of the players on the ARs retina.

Experiment Procedure
Assumptions

Outside & Far: FE

Inside & Far: NFE

Outside & Near: NFE

Inside & Near: FE

Result

Data confirmed these expectations.

Far from the AR, FEs NFEs outside
Near the AR, NFEs FEs outside
Inside is reversed

In the middle zone,

48 NFEs vs 18 FEs when the attacker went right
61 FEs and 18 NFEs when they went left

Conclusion

relative optical projections of

the players on the ARs re

tina is the reason.

9.3% of the ARs calls of offside were FEs

Thank you