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The Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions and The Design of The Reactors in Which They Take Place
The Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions and The Design of The Reactors in Which They Take Place
Chemical Identity
A chemical species is said to have reacted
when it has lost its chemical identity.
Chemical Identity
A chemical species is said to have reacted when it has lost its chemical
identity.
The identity of a chemical species is determined by the kind, number,
and configuration of that species atoms.
Chemical Identity
A chemical species is said to have reacted
when it has lost its chemical identity.
1. Decomposition
Chemical Identity
A chemical species is said to have reacted
when it has lost its chemical identity.
1. Decomposition
2. Combination
Chemical Identity
A chemical species is said to have reacted
when it has lost its chemical identity.
1. Decomposition
2. Combination
3. Isomerization
Reaction Rate
The reaction rate is the rate at which a
species looses its chemical identity per unit
volume.
Reaction Rate
The reaction rate is the rate at which a
species looses its chemical identity per unit
volume.
The rate of a reaction (mol/dm3/s) can be
expressed as either
the rate of Disappearance:
-rA
or as
the rate of Formation (Generation): rA
Reaction Rate
Consider the isomerization
AB
Reaction Rate
EXAMPLE: AB
If Species B is being formed at a rate of
0.2 moles per decimeter cubed per second, ie,
rB = 0.2 mole/dm3/s
Reaction Rate
EXAMPLE: AB
rB = 0.2 mole/dm3/s
Then A is disappearing at the same rate:
-rA= 0.2 mole/dm3/s
Reaction Rate
EXAMPLE: AB
rB = 0.2 mole/dm3/s
Then A is disappearing at the same rate:
-rA= 0.2 mole/dm3/s
The rate of formation (generation of A) is
rA= -0.2 mole/dm3/s
Reaction Rate
For a catalytic reaction, we refer to -r A',
which is the rate of disappearance of
species A on a per mass of catalyst basis.
(mol/gcat/s)
NOTE: dCA/dt is not the rate of reaction
Reaction Rate
Consider species j:
rj is the rate of formation of species j per
unit volume [e.g. mol/dm 3/s]
Reaction Rate
rj is the rate of formation of species j per
unit volume [e.g. mol/dm3*s]
rj is a function of concentration,
temperature, pressure, and the type of
catalyst (if any)
Reaction Rate
rj is the rate of formation of species j per unit
volume [e.g. mol/dm3/s]
rj is a function of concentration, temperature,
pressure, and the type of catalyst (if any)
rj is independent of the type of reaction system
(batch reactor, plug flow reactor, etc.)
Reaction Rate
rj is the rate of formation of species j per unit
volume [e.g. mol/dm3/s]
rj is a function of concentration, temperature,
pressure, and the type of catalyst (if any)
rj is independent of the type of reaction
system (batch, plug flow, etc.)
rj is an algebraic equation, not a
differential equation
CSTR
Mole Balance
Theintegralformis:
dF A
FA 0 rA
FA
Thisisthevolumenecessarytoreducetheenteringmolarflowrate(mol/s)fromF A0tothe
exitmolarflowrateofFA.
rdW
A
Theintegralformtofindthecatalystweightis:
dNA
dt
dFA
FA 0 rA
FA
Solution
Let the reaction be represented by
KEEPING UP
Separations
Filtration
Distillation
Adsorption
Reaction Engineering
MoleBalance
RateLaws
Stoichiometry
HeatEffects
IsothermalDesign
Stoichiometry
RateLaws
MoleBalance
MoleBalance
RateLaws
HeatEffects
IsothermalDesign
Stoichiometry
RateLaws
MoleBalance
CSTR
Mole Balance
CSTR
Mole Balance
Theintegralformis:
dF A
FA 0 rA
FA
Theintegralformis:
dF A
FA 0 rA
FA
Thisisthevolumenecessarytoreducetheenteringmolarflowrate(mol/s)fromF A0tothe
exitmolarflowrateofFA.
rdW
A
dNA
dt
rdW
A
dNA
dt
rdW
A
dNA
dt
rdW
A
Theintegralformtofindthecatalystweightis:
dNA
dt
dFA
FA 0 rA
FA
http://www.engin.umich.edu/~cre
Stomach
VG = 2.4 l
Gastrointestinal
VG = 2.4 l
tG = 2.67 min
Liver
VL = 2.4 l
tL = 2.4 min
Central
VC = 15.3 l
tC = 0.9 min
Reaction Rate
Reaction Rate
Consider the isomerization AB