CHNG 2: LIN KT HA

HC V CU TO PHN T
(Thi lng: 6t LT + 2t BT)

1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN V LIN

KT HA HC

1.1 Bn cht lin kt

Lin kt ha hc c bn cht in.
Electron thc hin lin kt ha hc ch yu l
cc electron lp ngoi cng: ns, np, (n-1)d v
(n-2)f gi l cc electron ha tr.

S phn b mt electron khc nhau

trong trng ht nhn ca cc nguyn t
to to thnh cc lin kt khc nhau: ch
yu l lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt
ion.
3

1.2 Mt s c trng ca lin kt

a. di lin kt: di lin kt l khong cch gia
hai ht nhn ca cc nguyn t tng tc vi nhau.

C th xc nh gn ng: dA-B = rA + rB
d di lin kt
r bn knh nguyn t

Khi A, B c m in gn nhau:

d A B rA rB

Khi A, B c m in xa nhau:
d A B rA rB 0,09 A B
4

1.2 Mt s c trng ca lin kt

b. Gc ha tr: l gc to thnh bi hai on thng
tng tng ni ht nhn nguyn t trung tm vi hai
ht nhn nguyn t lin kt.

1.2 Mt s c trng ca lin kt

c. Nng lng lin kt: c trng cho bn ca
lin kt. Nng lng lin kt l nng lng cn tiu
tn ph hy lin kt hay l nng lng c gii
phng ra khi to thnh lin kt.
Nng lng ph hy v to thnh lin kt c tr s
bng nhau nhng c du khc nhau
Lu : nu trong phn t, 1 nguyn t c kh nng
to nhiu lin kt th nng lng lin kt c tnh
qua nng lng trung bnh.
VD : H2O

c EOH =

QphanhuyH
91910
2O

= 459,5 kJ > 0
2
2
6

2. LIN KT ION

2.1 Thuyt tnh in hin i v lin kt ion

Tng
tc ha
hc gm

Qu trnh to ion t nhng

nguyn t tng tc

Qu trnh ht nhau bng lc ht

tnh in ca cc ion
8

2.1 Thuyt tnh in hin i v lin kt ion

V d:

Na +
Cl
Na+
+
Cl
1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s23p6
Na+

Cl NaCl

1. Cc nguyn t s chuyn cc electron ha tr cho nhau.

2. Ban u cc ion ngc du ht nhau, nhng khi tin li gn
nhau th s y nhau do tng tc ca cc lp v electron.
3. Phn t ion hnh thnh khi lc y bng lc ht.
9

2.2 Nng lng lin kt ion

Xt nng lng ca lin kt ion trong phn t ion AB
(k) c to thnh t cc nguyn t A(k) v B(k) (u
ha tr 1)
A(k) = A+(k) + e + IA (1)
B(k) + e = B(k) + FB (2)
A+(k) + B = AB(k) + E (3)
t EAB = IA + FB + E th EAB l nng lng to
thnh phn t ion AB (k) v chnh l bng gi tr
nng lng lin kt ion AB
10

2.3 Kh nng to lin kt ion ca cc nguyn t

Kh nng to lin kt ion ca nguyn t ph thuc
vo kh nng to ion.
i vi cc ion n gin 1 phn t, kh nng ny
da trn nng lng ion ha v i lc electron. Cc
nguyn t c nng lng ion ha nh d to cation v
c i lc electron ln d to anion.
Cc nguyn t c tnh kim loi v phi kim loi cng
mnh cng d to lin kt ion vi nhau, v d kim loi
kim v halogen
11

2.4 Tnh cht ca lin kt ion

Lin kt ion c hai tnh cht c trng ngc hn vi
lin kt cng ha tr, l:
Tnh khng nh hng
Tnh khng bo ha

12

3. LIN KT CNG HA TR THEO C

HC LNG T
1. Phng php lin kt ha tr VB
2. Phng php Orbital phn t MO
3. Cc phn t cng ha tr

13

3.1 Phng php lin kt ha tr - phng

php VB

14

 Lun im: mt cp nguyn t trong phn t c

lin kt vi nhau bng mt hay vi cp electron
chung.
lin kt ha hc theo phng php VB c nh
ch gia 2 nguyn t (phng php cp electron nh
ch hay phng php hai electron hai tm)
Phng php VB i tm hm sng phn t
15

PT

3.1.1 Bi ton phn t H2

1
_
ra1
+
a

r12

ra2

2
_
rb1

Rab

rb2
+
b

Hm i xng:
S C S ( a1 b 2 b1 a 2 )
Hm bt i xng:
A C A ( a1 b 2 b1 a 2 )

A C A ( a1 b 2 b1 a 2 )

S C S ( a1 b 2 b1 a 2 )
16

3.1.2 Ni dung c bn ca phng php VB v lin

kt cng ha tr
Khi nim:
Lin kt cng ha tr c s trn cp electron ghp i c
spin ngc nhau v thuc v c hai nguyn t tng tc.
Lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh do s che ph ln
nhau gia cc orbital nguyn t ha tr ca cc nguyn t
tng tc.

17

3.1.2 Ni dung c bn ca phng php VB v lin

kt cng ha tr

V d: s che ph cp i gia hai orbital

nguyn t s v hai orbital nguyn t p

18

3.1.2 Ni dung c bn ca phng php VB v lin

kt cng ha tr
Lin kt cng ha tr cng bn khi che ph ca
cc orbital nguyn t tng tc cng ln.
che ph ph thuc vo kch thc, hnh dng
ca AO v hng che ph.
Lin kt cng ha tr c biu din nh sau:
H : H hay H - H
19

Kh nng to lin kt cng ha tr ca nguyn t

v TNH BO HA ca lin kt cng ha tr
1. Theo c ch gp chung: hnh thnh do s gp
chung hai electron ha tr c thn c spin ngc
nhau ca hai nguyn t tng tc, trong mi
nguyn t a ra mt.
V d 1: s to thnh lin kt trong phn t Hydro
H +
.

+ .

H H
.

.
20

 V d 2: Xt phn t HCl
H(z = 1)
1s1

3s2 3px2

Cl (z = 17)
3py2 3pz1

cu
a Hydro

H
cu
a Clo

Cl

Cl

3p

1s

21

 Kh nng to lin kt quyt nh bi s orbital

nguyn t ha tr mt electron (s electron c thn).
V d: cc nguyn t H, O v N c kh nng to s
lin kt cng ha tr l 1, 2 v 3.
Lu : trong nhiu trng hp s orbital ha tr 1
electron c th tng ln do s kch thch nguyn t.
V d: 4Be, 5B, 6C trng thi bnh thng v kch
thch?

22

2. Theo c ch cho nhn: s hnh thnh cp

electron ghp i ch do mt trong hai nguyn t
tng tc a ra, cn nguyn t kia nhn ly.
Cp electron ny l cp electron ha tr ghp i sn
c ca nguyn t a ra v c gi l cp electron
ha tr t do.
V d: N c mt cp electron t do.
RT RA: lin kt cng ha tr ch c to thnh
gia mt nguyn t c cp electron ha tr t do vi
mt nguyn t c orbital ha tr t do (orbital khng
cha electron) ca nguyn t th hai.
23

 V d: lin kt cng ha tr xut hin trong kt qu

tng tc gia NH3 v H+.
Lin kt cng ha tr theo c ch cho nhn gi l
lin kt cho nhn (lin kt phi tr).
Suy ra: kh nng to lin kt cng ha tr cn c
quyt nh bi cc cc AO 2 electron v cc AO ha
tr t do.
S lin kt cng ha tr cc i bng s AO ha tr
ca nguyn t.
Kh nng to lin kt cng ho tr gii hn gi l
tnh bo ha ca lin kt cng ha tr.
24

TNH NH HNG ca lin kt cng ha tr

Lin kt to thnh khi mc che ph ca cc AO

t cc i
S che ph cc i xy ra theo nhng hng nht
nh. Nh vy, cc lin kt cng ha tr s c to
thnh theo nhng hng nht nh trong khng gian v
vy cc phn t phi c cu hnh xc nh.
V d 1: xt phn t H2Se
25

 V du 2: Phan t H2Te co cau

hnh dang goc vi goc hoa tr
HTeH = 90o

1s

5p

1s

Te 5p
26

 Tuy nhin, mt s kt qu khc khng ging

nh th: v d HOH 104.5 o v HNH 107.3 o
gii quyt kh khn , Pauling v Slater
a ra thuyt lai ha cc orbital nguyn t.

27

3.1.3 Thuyt lai ha cc orbital nguyn t v cu

hnh khng gian phn t
Cc nguyn t khi tng tc vi nhau c th khng
dng cc orbital s, p hay d... m dng cc orbital
nguyn t trn ln mi c to thnh trong ni
b nguyn t.
Cc orbital ny c to thnh do s t che ph
nhau gia cc orbital nguyn t trong mt nguyn t.
Hin tng ny gi l s lai ha cc orbital nguyn
t.
28

3.1.3 Thuyt lai ha cc orbital nguyn t v cu

hnh khng gian phn t
Cc orbital lai ha c nng lng v hnh dng hon
ton ging nhau.
C bao nhiu orbital nguyn t tham gia lai ha s
c by nhiu orbital lai ha c to thnh v phn
b rt i xng trong khng gian

Hnh dng ca orbital lai ha

29

3.1.3 Thuyt lai ha cc orbital nguyn t v cu

hnh khng gian phn t
Mun s lai ha xy ra bn vng th:
+ Cc orbital nguyn t tham gia lai ha phi c
nng lng gn nhau
+ Mt electron phi ln
+ Mc che ph ca cc orbital nguyn t ln

30

Lai ha sp
c thc hin do s t hp mt orbital s vi mt
orbital p (ca cng mt nguyn t) v kt qu l
xut hin hai orbital lai ha sp phn b i xng
di mt gc 180o.
o
180

sp

sp

V d: Phn t BeH2 c dng ng thng vi gc

ha tr HBeH = 180o
sp

s
H

sp
Be

180 o

s
H

Be

H
31

Lai ha sp2
Xy ra do s t che ph gia mt orbital s v hai orbital
p (ca cng mt nguyn t). Kt qu to thnh 3 orbital lai
ha sp2 phn b i xng di gc 120o
2

sp

120 o

p
p

sp 2

V d: phn t BCl3 c dng tam gic u vi gc

3p
ha tr ClBCl = 120o
Cl

sp

120

Cl
3p

sp 2

Cl
3p

32

Lai ha sp3
Khi t hp mt orbital s v ba orbital p (ca cng
mt nguyn t) thu c lai ha sp 3 vi s to thnh 4
orbital lai ha phn b i xng nhau trong khng
gian theo hng n 4 nh ca mt t din u v
di nhng gc 109o28.
sp

sp3

s
sp

109 o28'

sp 3
33

 V d: phn t CCl4 c dng t din u vi gc ha

tr ClCCl = 109o28.

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl
34

3.1.4 Thuyt y nhau gia cc cp electron ha tr

- Gii thch cu hnh khng gian cc phn t
H2O, NH3, CH4
L thuyt y nhau gia cc cp electron ha tr ca
Gillespie: s sai lch gc ha tr xy ra khi nguyn t trung
tm ca phn t c mt cp electron ha tr t do.

Cc cp electron ha tr t do y cc cp electron lin kt lm

cho gc ha tr hp li (s cp electron ha tr t do cng
nhiu y cng mnh).
35

 Xt phn t: H2O, NH3, CH4

Cc nguyn t trung tm O, N, C u c lai ha sp 3
che ph vi cc orbital 1s ca nguyn t H
Nh vy: cc phn t phi c cng cu hnh khng
3
gian nh sau:
sp
Thc t: c sai lch

sp3
sp

sp 3

109 o28'

H
109o28' H

C
H

H
H

107o3 H

o
104 5 H
36

3.1.5 D on trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t

trung tm
Da vo tng s T = s lin kt gia nguyn t
trung tm v cc nguyn t bin + s cp electron
ha tr t do nguyn t trung tm.
T

Kiu
lai ha

sp

sp2

sp3

sp3d

sp3d2
37

+ Tnh : l s nguyn t bin lin kt vi nguyn t trung

tm.
+ Tnh s cp electron ha tr t do:
- Tnh tng s electron ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong phn
t (X).
- Tnh s electron ha tr bo ha dnh cho cc nguyn t
bin lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm (Y) (8 electron cho mi
nguyn t bin chung v 2 electron cho mi nguyn t l
Hydro)
S cp electron ha tr t do = (X-Y)/2
V d: d on trng thi lai ha ca cc phn t CO2, SO3, CH4, H2O
38

 Lu : Trong trng hp nguyn t trung

tm c electron ha tr c thn d on
trng thi lai ha:
Xem electron ny nh 1 cp elctron ha tr t
do
Gc ha tr s tng so vi bnh thng v lc
y ca electron ha tr c thn yu hn cp
electron lin kt.
V d: Phn t NO2 c gc ha tr 135o
39

Cc bc xc nh trng thi lai ha ca

phn t hu c
Bc 1: Vit cng thc cu to khai trin ca
phn t.
Bc 2:
a) Nguyn t (C, N, O) no ch c lin kt n
th trng thi lai ha sp3.
b) Nguyn t (C, N, O) no c 1 lin kt i th
trng thi lai ha sp2.
c) Nguyn t (C, N, O) no c 1 lin kt ba hoc
2 lin kt i th trng thi lai ha sp
40

 Bc 3:
a) Nguyn t (C, N, O) trng thi lai ha sp3 khi lin kt
vi 4 nguyn t khc th s l tm ca t din m 4 nguyn
t kia l 4 nh; khi lin kt vi 3 nguyn t khc th s l 1
nh ca chp tam gic m 3 nguyn t kia l 3 nh khc;
khi lin kt vi 2 nguyn t khc th s l nh ca 1 gc
m 2 nguyn t kia nm trn 2 cnh ca gc.
b) Nguyn t (C, N, O) trng thi lai ha sp2 khi lin kt
vi 3 nguyn t khc th s l tm ca 1 tam gic m 3
nguyn t kia l 3 nh; khi lin kt vi 2 nguyn t khc
th s l nh ca 1 gc m 2 nguyn t kia nm trn 2
cnh ca gc..
c) Nguyn t (C, N, O) trng thi lai ha sp khi lin kt
vi 2 nguyn t khc th s gia 2 nguyn t kia trn mt
ng thng.
41

42

3.1.6 Tnh c cc v s phn cc ca lin kt cng

ha tr
Nhng phn t cu to t hai nguyn t cng loi th
m my electron lin kt phn b i xng trong khng
gian: lin kt cng ha tr khng cc hay ng cc.
Nhng phn t to thnh t hai nguyn t khc loi th
m my electron lin kt phn b khng i xng v
dch chuyn v pha mt nguyn t no trong hai
nguyn t: lin kt cng ha tr c cc hay d cc.
m my electron lin kt dch chuyn v pha nguyn
t m in ln hn lm nguyn t b phn cc m v
nguyn t cn li b phn cc dng.
43

3.1.7 Cc kiu lin kt cng ha tr

Lin kt cng ha tr : c to thnh khi s che
ph gia cc orbital nguyn t tng tc xy ra theo
trc ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.
Lin kt ny xut hin do s che ph gia bt k
loi orbital nguyn t no.

s
44

 Lin kt cng ha tr : khi cc orbital

nguyn t tng tc che ph vi nhau v hai bn
ca trc ni hai ht nhn.
Lin kt ny c to thnh do s che ph ca
cc cp orbital p-p, p-d, d-d.
z

truc lie
n ke
t

truc lie
n ke
t p
z
lie
n ke
t

dzx
lie
n ke
t
45

 Lin kt khng nh ch (lin kt nhiu

tm): loi lin kt , nhng c thc hin
gia nhiu nguyn t (t 3 nguyn t tr ln)
vi electron tham gia to lin kt c th nhiu
hn 2.
V d: kho st ion CO32 C cu hnh tam gic u, do nguyn t
trung tm C phi trng thi lai ha sp 2 (t hp
2s, 2px, 2py).
Ba orbital lai ha sp2 cha 1 electron ca
nguyn t C, che ph vi 3 orbital ha tr 1
electron 2px ca 3 nguyn t O to thnh 3 lin
kt xch-ma
46

 Orbital ho tr 1 electron 2pz khng tham gia lai

ha ca nguyn t C che ph vi orbital ha tr 1
electron 2pz ca mt nguyn t O to nn lin kt .
Nh vy, mt trong 3 lin kt C-O l lin kt i,
cn li l lin kt n, iu ny tri vi thc nghim
chng hon ton ging nhau.
ngh: lin kt to thnh khng phi thuc v 2
m l thuc v bn ht nhn nguyn t.
chnh l lin kt khng nh ch.

47

2pz
2p

2px
X

2p
x

sp2
2pz

O
2pz

O
2p z

48

3.1.8 Bc lin kt ca lin kt cng ha tr

Bc ca lin kt c xc nh bi s cp electron
tham gia to lin kt gia hai nguyn t.
Lin kt n c bc lin kt bng 1.
Lin kt i c bc lin kt bng 2.
Lin kt ba c bc lin kt bng 3.
Tt c cc lin kt n u thuc loi lin kt
Cc lin kt c bc ln hn 1 th ngoi lin kt
cn c lin kt ,
Lin kt s quyt nh hng ca lin kt.
49

Bc = ( S electron lin kt ) / (2 s lin kt )

Bc lin kt tng, di lin kt gim, nng lng
v bn lin kt tng.
V d :
Lin kt
C O
Bc lin kt
1
di lin kt 1,43

O
1,33
1,29

C= O
2
1,22

Cc lin kt c bc ln hn 1 gi l lin kt bi.

50

3.2 Phng php orbital phn t (phng

php MO)

51

 Phng php quan nim rng c th xem

phn t nh l mt nguyn t phc tp.
Phn t cng c cu trc orbital ging
nguyn t.
Hm sng phn t
xc nh cch
c
PT
gn ng bng con ng t hp tuyn tnh
(cng v tr) cc hm sng nguyn t

NT

52

3.2.1 Xt ion phn t hydro H2+

Ion phn t Hydro gm c mt electron chuyn
ng trong trng hai ht nhn nguyn t H.
xc nh hm sngphn t
Mulikhen v
H
Hund ch tm hm sng phn t c trng cho s
chuyn ng ca tng electron trong phn t:

H C1 a C 2 b
2

53

Gii ra ta c: C1 = C2 v C2 = - C1
Vy ta c

S C S (a b )

A C A (a b )
Hm : Axc sut c mt electron trn mt phng
i xng bng khng, lm tng nng lng ca
h. Khng a n to thnh lin kt ha hc.
Orbital phn t gi l orbital phn t phn lin
kt.
54

Hm : mt electron tng ln trong mt phng

S
i xng. Gim nng lng ca h. To thnh lin kt
ha hc. Orbital phn t c gi l orbital phn t
lin kt.

55

II.2.2 Ni dung c bn ca phng php MO v

lin kt cng ha tr
Phn t l t hp thng nht bao gm cc ht nhn
nguyn t v electron ca cc nguyn t to thnh
phn t.
Trong phn t trng thi electron cng c c
trng bng orbital phn t.
Tng ng vi cc orbital s, p, d, f... trong nguyn
t, trong phn t c orbital , , ,
56

 Trong phn t, trng thi electron c phn b

trn cc orbital phn t theo nhng qui lut:
tng dn nng lng orbital
mi orbital phn t cng ch ti a 2
electron c spin ngc chiu nhau.
S orbital phn t to thnh bng s orbital
nguyn t tham gia t hp.
57

 Tn gi cc MO ( ) c xc nh
ty thuc vo cch che ph ca cc AO i
vi trc ni ht nhn nguyn t ging nh
trong phng php VB.
V d: s t hp ca 2 AO 1s to thnh 2 MO
lin kt 1s v phn lin kt *1s

58

iu kin xy ra s t hp cc orbital nguyn t

thnh nhng orbital phn t:
Cc orbital nguyn t phi gn nhau v nng lng

Cc orbital nguyn t phi che ph nhau ng k

Cc orbital nguyn t phi c i xng ging nhau
i vi ng lin kt trong phn t.

59

Bc lin kt
Theo phng php MO, lin kt trong phn t c xc
nh bng s electron lin kt khng b electron phn
lin kt trit tiu (mt electron phn lin kt trit tiu 1
electron lin kt) v mt bc ca lin kt tng ng vi 2
electron lin kt, nh vy:
Bc lin kt =
(s electron lin kt s electron phn lin kt)/ (2*s
lin kt )
Lu : khi bc lin kt bng 0, lin kt thc t khng
hnh thnh.
60

3.2.3 V d p dng phng php MO

Cc phn t hai nguyn t cng loi ca nhng
nguyn t chu k 1
Xt v d H2+, H2, He2+, He2
Cc MO ca H2, He2 c to thnh t s t hp
tuyn tnh 2 AO 1s ca cc nguyn t H v He:
l cc MO lin kt 1s (c nng lng thp hn) v
phn lin kt 1s* (c nng lng cao hn)
61

S phn b electron trn cc MO:

MO

*
1s

H2+

H2

He2+ He2

1s
Bc lin kt
0,5
1
0,5
0
Chiu di lin kt, A0 1,06
0,74
1,08
Nng lng
255 431
251
lin kt (kj/mol)
Cu hnh electron phn t : biu din cc k hiu
orbital phn t vi s m l s electron phn b trn
chng v sp xp theo trt t tng dn nng lng.

2
2
1
:
(
)

e
:
(
)
(
)

H2 : ( )

1s
2
1s
1s 1s
2
62

Cc phn t hai nguyn t cng loi ca

nhng nguyn t chu k 2
S orbital ca mi nguyn t c kh nng tham gia
t hp thnh orbital phn t l 5: 1s (lp K) 2s, 2p x,
2py v 2pz (lp L).
chnh lch nng lng gia cc orbital nguyn
t 2p v 2s ca cc nguyn t chu k 2 tng ln mnh
t u chu k (1.9 eV) n cui chu k (26.8 eV)
63

Cc nguyn t cui chu k (t O n Ne):

chnh lch nng lng ln: ch xy ra s t
hp gia cc orbital 2s vi nhau v 2p vi nhau
S t hp 2 AO 2s to thnh 2 MO 2s v 2s
S t hp 2 AO 2px to thnh 2 MO 2pxv *2px
(che ph theo trc x)
S t hp cp i 2 AO 2py v 2 AO 2pz to
thnh cc cp MO 2py , *2py va 2pz , *2px
(che ph v 2 pha trc ni ht nhn)
64

Cc MO to thnh c phn b theo nng lng

nh sau:
1s 1*s 2s *2s 2px 2py 2pz *2py *2pz *2px

65

i vi cc nguyn t u chu k (t Li n N)
Do chnh lch nng lng E gia cc AO 2p
v 2s nh nn cc AO 2s t hp c vi nhau v
vi cc AO 2p.
S t hp 2 AO 2s v 2 AO 2px to thnh 4 MO
*
2s , 2px , *
,

2s
2px

S t hp cc cp AO 2py hay 2pz to thnh cc cp

2py , *2py va 2pz , *2pz
MO
i vi cc nguyn t u chu k: do s xut hin lc
y gia cc orbital 2s v 2p m cc orbital
2 p y , 2 p z tr nn thun li hn v mt nng
lng so vi orbital 2 p x
66

 Cc MO to thnh c phn b nh sau:

1s 1*s 2 s 2*s 2 p y 2 p z 2 p x 2* p y 2* p z 2* p x

67

S phn b electron trn cc MO

i vi cc nguyn t u CK:
MO
Li2
B2
C2

22s
px

2py,z

2px
2py,z

2s

Bc lin kt
Chiu di
lin kt, A0
Nng lng

N2

N2+

1
2,67

1
1,59

2
1,24

3
1,10

2,5
1,12

105

289

599

940

828
68

i vi cc nguyn t cui CK
2s
MO
O2+
O2
O2

2px

2py,z

2py,z
2px
2s

Bc lin kt
Chiu di
lin kt, A0
Nng lng
linkt (kj/mol)

F2

Ne2

2.5
1.12

2
1.21

1.5
1.26

1
1,41

629

494

328

154

69

Nhn xt
Bc lin kt tng di lin kt gim Nng
lng lin kt tng bn lin kt tng.
S tng electron trn cc MO lin kt lm tng
bn ca lin kt cng nh phn t. Ngc li, s
tng electron trn cc MO phn lin kt lm gim
bn ca lin kt cng nh phn t.

70

Tnh cht t
Khi phn t c cha electron c thn: thun t,
b nam chm ht.
Khi phn t khng cha electron c thn:
nghch t, t trng ca hai spin ngc nhau s
trit tiu nhau, cht khng bi nam chm ht.

71

Mu sc cc cht v c
Cc electron phn b trn orbital phn t khi b
kch thch cng c th hp thu cc tia vng quang
ph ca nh sng thy c chuyn sang orbital
c nng lng cao hn.

72

3.3 Cc phn t cng ha tr

73

3.3.1 Phn t cng ha tr c cc v khng cc

Ty thuc vo s phn b mt electron i
xng hay khng i xng trong phn t m cc
phn t cng ha tr c th l c cc hay khng c
cc.
Phn t khng cc: phn t hai nguyn t cng
loi. Vd: H2, N2, Cl2, . . .
Phn t c cc: phn t hai nguyn t khc loi.
Vd: HCl. HBr... hoc cc phn t c cu to khng
i xng
74

3.3.2 Lng cc v moment lng cc

Xem phn t c cc l mt lng cc in,
ngha l h thng gm hai in tch bng nhau
nhng ngc du ( , )
cch nhau khong cch
l gi l di lng cc.
Moment lng cc: tch di lng cc vi
in tch

l.

n v: Culong-met, Debye D
1D = 3.336x10-30 C.m

75

Nu = 0 : phn t khng phn cc (phn t i xng)

0 : phn t phn cc
cng ln phn t cng phn cc

Moment lng cc ca phn t l i lng vect c

chiu qui c t cc dng n cc m.
V d : vi phn t HCl

H - Cl

Moment lng cc ca phn t l tng vect moment

lng cc CA CC LIN KT v ELECTRON
HA TR T DO. V vy ga tr ca moment lng
cc ph thuc vo cu to phn t i xng hay khng
i xng.
76

nh hng ca cu to phn t
V d: Phn t CO2 tuy C-O c cc mnh C O

2.7 D

nhng do phn t c cu to i xng ng thng

v chiu vect moment lng cc ngc nhau nn
CO2 thuc loi khng cc.
Phn t H2O: gc ha tr 104.5o, moment lng
cc ca O-H l 1.51D. Moment lng cc nc
1.84D
77

nh hng ca cp electron ha tr t do n
moment lng cc
V d: NH3 v NF3 . Cc lin kt N-H v N-F u c
cc, trong

c cc ca
N H N,nhng
F

NH3 (1.48D) ln hn nhiu ln NF3 (0.2D).

78