Complementary Code Keying

with PIC based microcontrollers for

The Wireless Radio Communications

Common problems with digital

Radio Communications
Interference

from other radio

communication devices
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS) solve this problem

Interference

from multipath signals

Complementary Code Keying (CCK)

solve this problem

CCK modulator

CCK uses one of 64 nearly orthogonal

vectors to generate spreading code word
Implementation is based on PIC16F84

Code word generation

c e j 1 2 3 4 , e j 1 3 4 , e j 1 2 4 , e j 1 4 , e j 1 2 3 , e j 1 3 , e j 1 2 , e j 1
TABLE 1

P H A S E P A R A M E T E R S E N C O D IN G S C H E M E

DB
(d 1 ,
(d 3 ,
(d 5 ,
(d 7 ,

IT
d0
d2
d4
d6

)
)
)
)

PHASE PARAM ETER

1
2
3
4

TABLE 2

D Q P S K M O D U L A T IO N O F P H A S E P A R A M E T E R S

D B IT ( d
00
01
10
11

i+ 1 , d i)

PHASE
0

/2
- /2

C is the code word with LSB first to MSB last

CCK codeword has 4 phase terms. One of them modulates
all of the chips ( 1) and this is used for the QPSK rotation
of the whole code vector. The 3 others modulate every
odd chip ( 2), every odd pair of chips ( 3) and every odd
quad of chips ( 4) respectively

QPSK modulator
LEGEND:

1 & 2 - balanced mixers

3 - phase splitter
4 - carrier oscillator
5 - coupler
6 - band-pass filter
7 - power amplifier
8 - antenna

QPSK modulator allows transmitting of two

independent channels (I and Q) at the same
time

Phase splitter

1
C
2. .Fo.R

Low cost design

Constant phase
difference among wide
working frequency drift
Better performance up
to few hundred MHz
For higher frequency
(UHF bands) can be
used micro strip lines
with length equal to
/4

Circuit diagram of the CCK

encoder

Block diagram of the program

Conclusions

Improve performance for general multipath

environments in radio transmission

Transmitters part of the CCK transceiver is a low

cost effective, but the receivers part is more
complex

The CCK waveform has better Eb/N0 performance

than DPSK

DSSS with use of Barkers code is more stable

according to the long range and distance between
transmitter and receiver in comparison with CCK

Thank you!