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Radio Networks
Spectrum Scarcity
Rapid development in wireless communication applications has increased the
demand on available wireless spectrum
Traditionally the available spectrum is statically allocated by frequency
regulation bodies
However, spectrum occupancy measurements shows the underutilization of
some licensed bands
Cognitive Radio Networks
Accordingly, dynamic spectrum allocation paradigms
emerged, called cognitive radio (CR) networks
Cognitive Radio (CR): capable of sensing operating
environment and dynamically utilize available radio
resources
Cognitive Radio Networks
Two types of users:
Note: For the spectrum sensing algorithm to be efficient, it should satisfy both high spectral
utilization as well as minimal interference with primary users. In other words, the sensing
techniques needs to achieve high detection probability and a low false alarm probability, a
requirement that seems to be contradicting based on the above graph.
6
Spectrum Sensing
Techniques
Spectrum
Energy based sensing based Eigenvalue Cyclostationary Coherent
spectrum on statistical based sensing feature detection detection/matched
sensing covariance filtering
1.Energy Based Sensing
Most common sensing technique with least
computational complexity
H0 represents the null hypothesis meaning that there is no primary signal and only
AWGN noise exists , H1 describes the existence of a primary users signal in addition
to AWGN noise
The detection statistics T is compared with a threshold to know whether the primary
users signal exists or not. The primary users signal exists only if the detection
statistics T is larger than the threshold .
The probability of detection Pd , at hypothesis H1 ,and the probability of false alarm Pf
,at hypothesis H0 ,can therefore be defined as follows:
Hence, the statistical covariance matrices of the received signal can be defined
as: