Crossing the Bridge to Nanomanufacturing

Tech 2003
Speakers:
Marcene Sonneborn
Kirk Wardell

May 7, 2003

Topics in This Session

Nanotechnology Basics

The Vision, The Promise and the Threat

NanoManufacturing

The Reality and the Opportunity

Fundamental Drivers of Change in

the 21st Century

Information Technology
Materials Science
Energy
Biotechnology/Genetics
Environmental Issues

What is Nanotechnology?
1987

The art and science of

manipulating and
rearranging individual
atoms to create useful materials,
devices, and systems
Jack Uldrich, The Next Big Thing is Really
Small How Nanotechnology will Change the
Future of your Business, 2003

Building With Molecules

Fabricating a product, molecule by
molecule
Computerized manipulation of materials at
atomic or molecular level

100% control of our materials

What is Nanotechnology?
Coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi at the
University of Tokyo
Based on the scaling down of existing
technologies to the next level of precision
and miniaturization.
Actually a multitude of rapidly emerging
technologies

Multiple Technologies
Physics
Chemistry
Engineering
Life Sciences
Mathematics

Materials Science
Computer Science
Electronics
Optics
Imaging

Related and interwoven fields

include, but are not limited to:
Nano

materials
medicine
biotechnology
lithography
electronics
magnetics
robots

Biodevices
biomolecular machinery

AI
MEMS
MicroElectroMechanical Systems

NEMS
NanoElectroMechanical Systems

Biomimetic Materials
Microencapsulation
Many others

IS THIS SCIENCE FICTION?

1959 - vision of Richard Feynman, Physicist

1996 Nobel prize was awarded to Richard
Smalley, Rice University
Billions being spent on research
MIT
University of Tokyo

Hottest research in military R&D, government

sponsored health research

Richard Feynman
Written with Dip-Pen Nanolithography

Nanotechnology
We are at the point of connecting machines to
individual cells

Atoms
<1 nm

DNA
~2.5 nm

Cells
thousands of nm

Nanoscale is More Accurate

Nano"

a Greek prefix meaning "one-billionth"

Basic unit of measure is a nanometer (nm)
a metric prefix that indicates a billionth part
(10-9).

Nanoscale - characteristic dimensions are

less than about 1,000 nanometers

Just How Small is It?

If a nanometer were scaled to the width of
your little fingernail

Your fingernail would be the size of Delaware

Your thumb would be the size of Florida

Nanoscale Science
Not a technology - its materials
science
Features as small as one
nanometer

one-billionth of a meter, or
a hundred-thousandth the width of
a human hair

Hemoglobin = 6.5nm
Viruses are 10-100 nm
Human hair = 100,000nm

Nanoguitar Cornell University

Ten microns (10 x 10-6 m) long, about the
size of a red blood cell.

Thickness of a human hair is about 20 times

the length of this guitar.

The "strings" (rods of silicon) are 50 nm

wide or about 100 atoms across.

The Potential
Many scientists believe that soonmaybe
50 years from nowtiny robots will be
able to build or repair anything at the
atomic and molecular level.
http://www.physicscentral.com/action/action-00-1print.html

Potential of the Research

Improved electronic devices

cheaper flat-screen televisions

palm-size computers that recognize speech

Magnetic storage disks that could hold

100,000 times more data than current
disks

The Vision
In the next 50 years, machines
will get increasingly smaller--so
small that thousands of these tiny
machines would fit into the period
at the end of this sentence.

The Vision
Within a few decades, we will use
these nanomachines to
manufacture consumer goods at
the molecular level

Make baseballs, telephones, cars, etc. in the

same company

Flys eye and microfabricated

device

If we can manipulate single

atoms

the results could lead to a revolution

in computing, electronics, energy,

materials design, manufacturing,
medicine, and numerous other fields.

Vision - Hype or Potential?

Nanotechnology the next big thing

Investors beware!

Self-Assembly

Microscopic computer that assembles itself,

atom by atom, then calculates at a speed
faster than today's zippiest electronic chips

Self Assembly Uses Forces in

Nature
Chemical attraction
Chemical bonds
Water-repellant

Biological attraction
Transfer of material through cell walls, DNA
Antibody-antigen reaction

Physical attraction
Magnetic fields
Electron charges

Self-Assembly at Millimeter
Scales
Molecules want to form structures

Coded to do this

Order/complexity is built in to the components

Low energy requirements

Simple when it works, but dont yet know the rules for
how things aggregate

5mm plastic self-assembled light-emitting diode

(fits on a penny)

Whitesides, 2000

Molecular Nanotechnology
Molecular machines able to build objects to
complex atomic specifications
Possibilities include:

molecular manufacturing systems able to

construct computers smaller than living cells,

devices able to repair cells,

diamond-based structural materials, and

other molecular manufacturing systems.

Smallest object ever created by humans

was sculpted by two laser beams focused across resin.
The resin solidified only where the lasers crossed.
Created by a team of researchers at Osaka University in
Japan, the bull measures 10 microns from horns to tail,
and seven microns across (1 micron = 1000 nm).

Nano Bull
Could sit on a single human blood cell
Can fabricate any structure of design.
Another team at Osaka University is
developing devices to be implanted into
the human body

Hope to combine the two techniques

Cell surgery or blood cell reparation

The Promise
Promises to be a new Industrial Revolution.
Global market for nanotech products to reach
$700 billion by 2008
Cheap products
100% recyclable
The leanest manufacturing ever!!

VISIONS OF LIFE
Nanotechnology makes better social and
economic conditions possible:

Every product made to customer

specifications
Food plentiful
Diseases cured (Nanobiotechnology)
Clean up toxic waste
Create clean energy and bountiful clean water

C60
buckyballs or fullerenes
Can encapsulate things
Many interesting
properties

Superconductivity

Carbon Nanotubes
Tubes 10,000 X thinner than a human hair
An electronic device based on a single rolled-up
sheet of carbon atoms
Discovered in 1991 by researchers at NEC
Potential for use as minuscule wires or in ultrasmall electronic devices.

Nanotubes

Mechanically strong - held by covalent

bonds
Folds and buckles but does not snap
Hollow interiors - put things inside them
Different radius
Tube is stable and wont react on the
outside
Conductive and respond to electrical fields

Carbon Nanotube Transistor

May 2002: Researchers built the world's first
array of transistors out of carbon nanotubes -tiny cylinders of carbon atoms that measure as
small as 10 atoms across and are 500 times
smaller than today's silicon-based transistors .
The breakthrough is a new batch process for
forming large numbers of nanotube transistors.

The Threat
Displacing mature technologies
Disruptive in the workplace and the economy
Unintended consequences

Social impacts

Todays science fiction is

often tomorrows science
fact.
-Stephen Hawking

NANOTECH TRENDS
Convergence of computers, networks,
biotech will create products never before
imagined
Nanodevices will be invisible, intelligent
and powerful

Used in every industry defining the limits of

what is possible

NANOTECH TRENDS
Smaller than the head of a pin, surgical
nanobots will operate from within the
human body
Nano-biology will prolong life, prevent
illness, and increase peoples health

NANOTECH SIGNS
StuffDust (nano-product created by San
Francisco-based company minus9)

Marks objects and materials with serial numbers

invisible to the naked eye - easily read with an
optical microscope
Composed of micron-scale particles
Smaller than human hair
Carries a serial number

Marketed as efficient and secure way to mark

computers, currency, explosives, toxic waste, etc.
New way to thwart thieves and improve inventory
controls and manufacturing

NANOTECH SIGNS
Worlds first implantable micro-machine,
insulin-dispensing device was developed in
1998
Miniature cochlea ear implants are giving
back hearing to thousands of people
Cornell scientist created a nano-sized guitar
to demonstrate the scale at which we can
manipulate molecules today

VISIONS OF LIFE
Organic nano-engineering:

Computer biochips with organic materials to

replace silicon
Viruses and proteins as molecular machines
or nanofactories to build commercial products
New drug development

VISIONS OF LIFE

Synthetic DNA (nanogeonomics) to use for

creating cloned life forms, robotics, human
organs, and hybrid synthetic/organic
compounds
Nano-informatics - use of advanced
computers to grow nano-engineered
products from informational models

Nanotechnology What is it?

Rearrange matter with atomic precision
Central thesis of nanotechnology is that
almost any chemically stable structure that
is not specifically disallowed by the laws of
physics can in fact be built.

Researchers have been building tiny

motors inspired by machinery inside living
cells.
These biomolecular motors run on
adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the same
energy-rich molecule that powers
chemical reactions within cells.

The Promise
Nanotechnology should let us:
Get every atom in the right place.
Make almost any structure consistent with
the laws of physics that we can specify in
molecular detail.
Have manufacturing costs not greatly
exceeding the cost of the required raw
materials and energy.

Health Issues
Some nanoparticles are so small, they can
slip past the immune system or directly
into the brain, bypassing the selective
blood-brain barrier.
Makes nanoparticles useful for delivering
much-needed drugs
But they might also deliver toxins.

Environmental Studies
Studying how nano-structured membranes
could screen pesticides and harmful
bacteria from water supplies.
Other scientists are developing low-cost,
nano-scale iron hydroxide granules to
remove arsenic from drinking water.
Still others have suggested that nanosized sensors could help detect pollutants
or monitor and correct changes in the
ozone layer.

If it can be done, it will be done

The same kinds of sweeping patents that
have allowed biotech firms to "own life," in
effect, may allow nanotech firms to "own"
the building blocks of the entire physical
world

Hope Shand, director of research in the ETC

Group, Carrboro, N.C.

Thank You

Crossing the Bridge to Nanomanufacturing

Tech 2003
Speakers:
Marcene Sonneborn
Kirk Wardell

May 7, 2003

Nanotech Whos Involved

Entrepreneurs
Public
Companies

Universities

Private
Companies

Nanotechnology

Non-Profits

Venture
Capital

Government
Grade
Schools

Nanotech - Collectively, $Bs & $Ts

2003
$???M

2003
$???M

Entrepreneurs
Public
Companies

Universities

2003
$???B

Private
Companies

Nanotechnology

Non-Profits

2003
$880M
Venture
Capital

Government
Grade
Schools

2003
$766M

Federal Initiative:
National
Nanotechnology
Initiative (NNI)
Ten Federal Agencies are requesting
funding in the 2004 budget for NNI
activities
FY 2004 budget request $847

9.5% increase over FY 2003

NNI Chart
NNI expenditures in the United States:
FY 01
FY 02
FY 03

$464 M
$604 M
$710 M

The $$ are Flowing

2002 2003 > 18% increase in the budget

Some Areas of Focus

Disease
Treatment

Energy
Medications
Organ
Growth

Manufacturing

Nanotechnology

Transportation

Weapons

Plastics

Textiles

Ceramics

Epoxies
Metals

Waste

Electronics

Surgery

Sensors

Methods Must Change

Current Methods

Start Larger
Grind, saw, weld, melt, machine, bend, etc into
desired part or product

The Nano Method

Start with atoms and molecules

Grow to desired end product

The Bridge Methods

Add Nano & Micro Technologies to existing processes

and or materials > Nanocomposites & MEMS

MEMS
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

MEMS Applications
Miniature Microphones
Inkjet Printer Heads
Piezo Light Switches > self
powered
Airbags > accelerometers
Environment Sensors >
Temperature, pressure, etc
Wired / Wireless Communication

MEMS in the Marketplace

Applied MEMS to Provide Accelerometers for Earthquake
Monitoring
May 03 @ 22:02:10 HOUSTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--May 1, 2003
Applied MEMS Inc. [profile], an Input/Output company, and Refraction
Technology Inc. (REF TEK), announced today that Applied MEMS has
been selected to manufacture its MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical
systems) based Si-Flex(TM) accelerometer sensor modules for REF
TEK, a leading supplier of seismic recording systems for earthquake
monitoring applications.
REF TEK will integrate the sensor modules into seismic recording
systems for the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Advanced National
Seismic System (ANSS). The Si-Flex sensor converts ground vibrations
into an electronic signal that can be processed for monitoring seismic
events such as earthquakes. This represents the second such contract
from REF TEK with Applied MEMS for addressing this specific
application.

Nanocomposites

Cocktail of organic and in-organic materials that are brought together by catalysts
to form super materials whose properties are significantly better than either of the
individual materials.

The whole is greater than the sum of the parts

Case in Point
Nanosteel Company > Maitland, Florida

Developed coating for steel

20,000 inch thick > mixture of iron, carbon, tungsten,
boron
increased surface hardness > 4x over conventional
alloys
lasted 48 hours on 20-ton mining rock-crusher
plates before wearing out > any other coating lasts
1 hour
currently being tested by Navy to extend engine life
from 80 hours to over 1000 hours > saving $110,000
per engine replacement

Cause & Affect

The Technology

Potential Industries Impacted

Engine Manufactures
fewer engines needed

Nanosteel
Coating

Engine Part Manufactures

fewer parts needed

Drill Bit Manufactures

fewer bits needed

Nanoclay
Added to plastic

Improved tensile strength

Improved vapor barrier traits
Low wt. % required
More flame resistant
Biodegradable

Uses

Food packaging
Beer and other carbonated drinks
Most areas where bottles/cans are
used

Cause & Affect

The Technology

Potential Industries Impacted

Bottle Manufactures
Decrease in the number
of bottles used

Nanoclay

Can Manufactures
Decrease in the number
of cans used

Transportation
Lower weight means
less revenue

Yeah, But When ??

How long does it take for companies to
change?

1, 2, 5, 7, x years

How quickly is technology advancing?

Every 10, 5, 2, x years

Will technology advance faster than some

companies ability to change?

Examples of Current NanoProducts

The Company

The Products

Better, Faster, Stronger

Eddie Bauer /
Dockers

Shirt, Pants and Ties

Stain Resistant

General Motors
Step Assists
Safari & Astro Van

Lighter, stronger, rust-proof

Toyota

Bumpers

60% lighter, twice as dent

resistant

Wilson

Tennis Balls

Bounces twice as long

Samsung

Carbon Nanotube
TVs

Brighter, more efficient

More Examples
The
Products

Better, Faster,
Stronger

Cosmetics

Lipstick that lasts

longer, smears
less, reflects light
in wrinkles

Biotech Dies Glow in vibrant

colors when hit
with different
wavelengths of
light
Organic
Light
Emitting
Diodes

Generate own light

- requiring less
energy, more vivid

How Will Methods Change

Might get easier

Some catalyzed materials are easier to process

Might stay the same

Some materials have no apparent affect on the

process

Might have to completely change

Some materials will require extensive changes to

current processes including wholesale replacement

Now What Do I Do
Become Educated

The Web
Search Engine
type in Nanotech + your industry name
Foresight Institute
http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/index.html
TDO
http://www.tdo.org/nano.htm

Now What Do I Do
Become Educated

Read
A listing of nano books on Amazon.com
http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/Bookstore.html
Periodicals > Small Times
http://smalltimes.com/index.cfm
eNewsletters > industry / focus specific

Now What Do I Do
Become Educated

Get Involved
Alliances / Focus Groups

Alliance for Nanomedical Technologies

Plastics Industry

Symposiums / Conferences

Polymer Outreach Program > May 21-23

Albany Symposium 2003 > September 22-24

University Partnerships

Outreach programs

Nanotechnology Research Centers

Federally Funded Nanotech Centers

Total of 6 in the United States 3 of the 6 are in New York

State

Cornell University
Center for Nanoscale Systems (largest of the 6)

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Directed Assembly of Nanostructures

Columbia University
Electronic Transport in Molecular Nanostructures

Available Resources
Alfred University > Ceramics
Binghamton University > Electronic Packaging
Clarkson University > Coatings & Surface Science
Cornell University > Materials
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute > Robotics
Rochester Institute of Technology > Bioinformatics
Syracuse University > Software Engineering
University at Albany > Semiconductors
University at Buffalo > Biotechnology

Bottom Line
Dont Wait
Start Investigating Now
Its fun / exciting
Helps create competitive advantage
Helps create more of a reason for
customers to look to you for solutions

Thank You