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CPT - Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Construction projects Definition and characteristics
Classification
Framework for management of construction projects
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CPT - Introduction
Project, Defined
A project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create
a unique product, service, or result to achieve specified objectives
within the assigned resources.
Well-defined objective stated in terms of scope, schedule, and costs.
Projects are born when a need is identified by the customer the
people or organization willing to provide funds to have the need
satisfied.
It is the people (project manager and project team), not the
procedures and techniques, that are critical to accomplishing the
project objective.
Procedures and techniques are merely tools to help the people do
their jobs.
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CPT - Introduction
What is Construction?
Application of art and science
Inherently dangerous
Organized chaos
Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength,
determination, and persistence to control his
environment
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CPT - Introduction
Construction and construction project
Construction is defined as "a process that consists of the
building or assembling of infrastructure."
The term 'construction project' refers to a high-value,
time-bound, special construction mission with predetermined performance objectives.
Construction project "includes all material and work
necessary for the construction of a finished structure for
occupancy by end customer. This includes site
preparation, foundations, mechanical, electrical work,
and any other work necessary to complete the project."
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CPT - Introduction
Construction project - features
One Time Activity
Complexity
High cost and time of execution
High risk of failure
Difficulty in defining quality standards
Uniqueness of people relation ships
Feedback mechanism
Lack of experience o Clent or owner
Untrained work force
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CPT - Introduction
Construction industry
Normally two types of industries
Manufacturing
o product whose quality is dependent on the process used.
Services
o The quality of the job completed is more dependent upon the quality of
the personal.
Construction has characteristics of both.
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CPT - Introduction
Nature of construction industry
Provides employment on large scale.
Developing country Labour intensive style of construction
If construction project schedules are not maintained, the cost
increases by leaps and bounds.
Use of machine and equipment in construction industry
increases the quality of construction.
The art of construction has slowly developed as a science
through ages. In our country, building construction in rural and
semi-urban areas is more or less an art.
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CPT - Introduction
Nature of construction industry
Construction is highly fragmented and sometimes
divisive.
There are hundreds or thousands of registered contractors
in particular states with net transaction very less.
Construction industry is very custom-oriented.
Profit in the construction industry is very less.
5 to 10%
Research and development expenditure in
construction industry is much more less
approx 0.1% whereas electronic industry its 30%
Assets of the construction companies are very less
as compared to manufacturing companies.
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In comparison to manufacturing, construction
Not performed in controlled conditions,
therefore highly impacted by weather and other
environmental conditions
Seasonality
Each project is unique
Remotes sites with various access problems
Process is not as predictable
Difficulty in applying automation
High potential for encountering unforeseen
conditions
Costs can vary according to conditions
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In comparison to manufacturing, construction
Difficult to manage and supply utilities and other resources.
Success is dependent upon the quality of its people.
Product can be of mind-boggling size, cost, and complexity
Slow to embrace new technology
Restrictive/outdated building codes
Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues
Liability and legal considerations
Lack of profit motive or other incentive
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Indian construction industry
Second largest industry of the country after agriculture
accounting for 20 percent of Indias GDP.
employs 32 million people and
total market size is estimated at 477 Billion $
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Construction projects -Classification
Based on nature of construction
Buildings
Heavy Engineering
Industrial
Specialized
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Building - definition
Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever
materials constructed and every part there of whether used
as human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth,
walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building
services, fixed platforms, VERANDAH, balcony, cornice or
projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or
any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space
and signs and outdoor display structures.
SP 7 - NBC 2005
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Building projects
Classification (according to NBC 2005)
Residential - Lodging, dormitory, guest house, flats, hotels, private
dwellings
Educational - School, colleges
Institutional - Hospitals, mental sanatorium, juvenile homes, elderly
homes, jails
Assembly- Theatres, auditoriums, places of worship, passenger terminals
of various modes, stadia, museums
Business - Town halls, courts, libraries, office buildings
Mercantile - Shops, malls, commercial centers
Industrial Factories, refineries, power stations, diaries
Storage Warehouses, cold storages, freight depots, barns, stables
Hazardous storing and handling hazardous materials
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Building projects -Salient features
60 to 70 percent of construction project
building construction projects are very fragmented
majority of construction in rural and semi urban area is carried out by
non-engineering ways
highly labor-intensive most are semi-skilled and untrained
Use of mechanised and heavy equipment mainly in large construction
firms
Regulated by many local as well as general laws, such as municipal
laws, building laws etc.
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Heavy engineering / Infrastructure projects
Transportation system
o railways, roads, bridges, mass transit systems
Hydraulic structures
o Dam, barrage, flood control system, hydro-electric power, irrigation systems
Structures for water supply system, water and waste water
treatment and its disposal, Solid waste management
Structures for power line transmission, communication network,
long distance liquid/gas supply etc.
Regulations/ guidelines for most are existing.
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Heavy engineering / Infrastructure projects
accounts for around 25-30 percent of total construction.
carried out by large construction firms.
Design as well as construction in these projects is the
primary job of civil engineers although inputs from other
departments play an important role.
highly equipment intensive and large quantities of
materials are used.
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Industrial Projects
Related to mining of natural resources
Coal, mineral ores,
Offshore structures (Mostly for petroleum extraction)
Power plants
fossil fuel, nuclear power
Petroleum refineries and petro-chemical plants,
Fertilizer plants,
Large steel plants,
Heavy manufacturing plants,
Aircraft industry
20
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Industrial Projects
highly specialized projects and it is dominated by large construction
firms.
accounts for only 10 percent of the total construction projects, but it
requires highest level of engineering expertise from various
engineering disciplines
very specialized job and consists of large complex mechanical,
electrical, instrumentation work.
dominated by skilled labour and quite labour intensive compared to
heavy engineering but large equipments are also used.
Regulation/guidelines available.
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Specialized projects
Environmental protection, emergencies, remedial works
High altitude construction projects
Used for scientific exploration
Structures under extreme or unique environments
Marine exploration project.
o Under water construction
Strategic importance
Defense and Space industry
o Satellite and Missile launch pads
o Special bunkers
o Control stations
