dr. Susianti, M.

Sc

GENERAL FEATURES
A. Components of the
Salivary glands
System
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Pancreas
Liver
Gall

bladder

B. Exocrine and Endocrine

Functions
Ducts Exocrine

Pancreas and liver also have important

endocrine functions

C. Serous and Mucous

Exocrine
Secretory
Glands

Liver, pancreas, parotid gland serous

Submandibular, sublingual serous and
mucous

D. Glandular Subunits

Exocrine glands are structurally and

functionally subdivided by septa

E. Exocrine Ducts

Intralobular ducts

Intercalated ducts
Striated ducts

Interlobular ducts

SALIVARY GLANDS

A. General Structure and

The majors pairs of glands, the parotis,
Function

submandibular, and sublingual, surroud the

oral cavity
Secrete saliva: moistens the food,
lubricates the digestive tract and begins the
enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates

B. Cell Types

Serous and mucous cells

Serous cells
Mucous cells

Myoepithelial cells
Other cells

C. Parotid Glands

D. Submandibular
(Submaxillary)
Glands

E. Sublingual Glands

PANCREAS
A. General Structure and
Function
Serous

Compound acinar glands

Contains islets of Langerhans
Secrete variety of digestive enzymes

B. Cell Types

Pancreatic acinar cells

Centroacinar cells

Basal lamina

Intercalated
duct
Zymogen
e
granules
Acinar
cells

Centroacinar cells

Photomicrograph showing the

appearance of the acinar portion
of the pancreas with its secretory
cells.

Schematic drawing of the structure of pancreatic

acini. Acinar cells (darker color) are pyramidal, with
granules at their apex and rough endoplasmic
reticulum at the cell base. The intercalated duct partly
penetrates the acini. These duct cells are known as
centroacinar cells (lighter color). Note the absence of
myoepithelial cells.

Pancreatic
Pancreatic Acini
Acini
(Special
(Special Preparation)
Preparation)

Pancreatic
Pancreatic Islets
Islets
(Special
(Special Preparation)
Preparation)
1. Alpha cells

1. Zymogene
granules
2. Basophilic
(chromophilic)

2. Beta cells
3. Capillaries

4. Connective
tissue
5. Pancreatic
acinus

LIVER
A. General Structure
Largest gland
Glissons capsule
Reticular connective tissue stroma
accompanying the blood vessels as they
penetrate the parenchyma
Predominant cell type: hepatocyte

Liver

Three dimensional aspect of the normal liver. In the upper center vein; in
the lower center, the portal vein. Observe the bile canaliculus (darker
color), liver plates (lighter color), Herings canal, Kupffer cells sinusoid, fatstoring cell, and sinusoidal endothelial cell.

B. General Functions

Have main role in digestion, involves

enzymatic processing.
Detoxification
Endocrine gland
Exocrine gland

C. Blood Supply

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery
Hepatic sinusoids
Central veins
Hepatic veins

Schematic diagram of a
classic liver lobule. Branches
of the hepatic artery (HA) and
hepatic portal vein (PV) empty
blood into hepatic sinusoids
(S), through which it flow
toward the central vein. The
endothelial lining of the
sinusoids is discontinuous
and is separated from the
radial plates of hepatocytes
by the space of Disse. Bile
canaliculi receive bile from
the hepatocytes that border
them and convey it toward the
bile ducts in the portal triads.
The arrows show that blood
and ilea flow in opposite
directions.

D. Cell Types

Hepatocytes

Primary structural and functional subunits

Storage gycogens, endocrine functions,
production and secretion of bile, detoxification

Kupffers cells
Fat-storing cells

Hepatocytes

E. Liver Lobules

Classic liver lobules

Portal triad
Central vein
Hepatocyte plates and hepatic sinusoids

Portal lobule
Hepatic acinus (of Rappaport)

Schematic drawing illustrating the

territories of the classic liver
lobules, hepatic acini, and portal
lobules. The classic lobule has a
central vein (CV) and is outlined by
the solid lines that connect the
portal spaces (PS). The portal
lobules (lighter color) have their
centers in the portal spaces; they
are outlined by lines that connect
the central veins (upper triangle).
The portal lobules constitute the
portion of the liver from which bile
flows to a portal space. The hepatic
acinus (darker color) is the region
irrigated by a single distributing
vein (diamond shaped figure).
Zones of the hepatic acinus are
indicated by I, II and III.

LIVER LOBULE

F. Billiary System

Bile

Consist of bile acids, phospolipids, cholesterol.

Bilirubin, water, and electrolytes

Billiary tract

Narrow bile ductulues (also called cholangioles

or Herings canals)
Hepatic duct
Common bile duct (ductus choledochus)
Sphincter of Oddi

GALL BLADDER
A. Mucosa

Consist of simple columnar epithelium,

have microvilli

B. Muscularis

Smooth muscle fibers

C. Adventitia and Serosa

GALL BLADDER