Professional Documents
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PROCESS
CLASSIFICATION OF
o BONES:
Based on their shape:
Long bones: longer than wider. Include bones of arm, legs, palms
and soles.
contains a tubular diaphysis or shaft and at the periphery it
contains bulky ends called as epiphysis which is covered by
hyaline cartilage.
epiphyseal line is present between the dia and epiphysis. It is
remnant of epiphyseal plate
Short bones: these are of equal length and width. Contain bone
marrow but no marrow cavity. Includes bones of wrist (carpals)
and ankle (tarsals)
Flat bones: are thin, flat and curved. Include bones of sternum,
ribs , scapula, clavicle, parietal, temporal and occipital
o Based on development:
maxilla proper
Premaxilla in most of the animals is a separate bone carrying
the incisors and forming the anterior part of hard palate.
Ossification center for premaxilla an maxilla may be separate
or common to both.
In humans premaxilla is absent. The premaxilla and maxilla
proper are separated by incisive fissure which extends from
incisive foramen to canine.
The incisive fissure is predominantly seen in young skulls.
MANDIBLE:
o During the 6th week of IU mandible appear bilaterally as a thin plate
o
BONE
o COMPOSITION:
Mineral component include hydroxyapatite
o
o
o
o
o
o
NON COLLAGENOUS
PROTEINS:
Most are endogenous proteins are produced by bone cells while
BONE HISTOLOGY:
o Bones have an outer sheet of compact bone and central medullary
o
o
o
o
haversian system
o Adjacent haversian canals are interconnected by
volkamanns canals which contain blood vessels.
o Osteon is basic metabolic unit of bone.
o Osteocytes are located in lacunae. Small canaliculi
radiate from lacunae to haversian canal. Canaliculi
connect all osteocytes in osteon together
oInterstial lamellae
remnants of osteons
left behind during
remodelling
oReversal line it is a
cemental
line
which
demarcates
haversian
canals. It contains little or
no collagen and is
strongly basophilic due to
high
content
of
glycoproteins
and
proteoglycans. It appears
irregular as it is formed by
scalloped
outline
of
howships lacunae.
oResting line it
denotes the period of
rest
during
the
formation of bone. This
has
more
regular
appearance.
SPONGY BONE:
o Both spongy and compact bone has same cellular and
DEVELOPMENT OF ALVEOLAR
PROCESS:
o By the end of 2nd month IU both maxilla and mandible
STRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR
PROCESS:
o Alveolar process is defined as part of maxilla and mandible that
o
o
o
o
marrow spaces.
o Type 1 architecture is seen mandible while type 2 is seen in maxilla.
From the apical part of socket of lower molars trabeculae are seen
radiating in slightly distal direction
o Marrow spaces in the alveolar process contains hematopoietic marrow
but usually contains fatty marrow.
o Alveolar bone proper which forms the inner wall of the socket is
CELLS OF BONE:
o OSTEOBLASTS:
o OSTEOCLASTS:
bone resorption:
o During the bone resorption 3 process are noted in order:
1. decalcification
2. matrix degradation 3. transport of soluble
products to ECF.
Decalcification occurs at the ruffled borders of osteoclasts by
secretion of organic acids like citric and lactic acid. They chelate
the bone and H+increases the solubility of HAP.
Matrix degradation this is by activity of cathepsin-B1 and
collagenases. Collagenolytic activity occurs outside the osteoclast .
The broken fragmentsof collagen are further decalcified by other
proteases.
Transport mechanism is not known
o Area of resorption is called as cutting cone or resorption tunnel.
o Scalloped outline of howships lacunae that turn their convexity
towards the old bone is visible as reversal llines
o Cementing lines seen towards the apposition side is called as resting
lines