Chapter 4

Periodic Table of Elements

Learning Objectives

Analyse the Periodic Table of Elements

Analyse Group 18 elements
Analyse Group 1 elements
Analyse Group 17 elements
Analyse elements in a period
Understand transition elements

A. The Periodic Table of

Elements
Look at these pictures carefully.

A. The Periodic Table of

Elements

Why the items in the supermarket or

hypermarket are arranged
systematically and orderly?

A. The Periodic Table of

Elements

Similarly, elements are arranged systematically and orderly.

Historical development of the Periodic

Table
Antoine Lavoisier
Classify substances into
metals and non-metals
Unsuccessful because light,
heat and some other
compounds where not
elements.

(1743-1794)

Historical development of the Periodic

Table
Johann Dobereiner

(1780-1849)

Introduced triads.
Elements were classified
into groups of three
elements with same
chemical properties
The atomic mass of middle
elements was
approximately
the average atomic mass
of
the other two elements

Historical development of the Periodic

Table
John Newlands
Arranged elements in order of
increasing atomic mass.
Elements with similar properties
recurred at every eight element.
This was known as the Law of
Octaves
Failed because only obeyed by
first 17 elements only

(1837-1898)

Historical development of the Periodic

Table
Lothar Meyer

(1830-1895)

Plotted a graph of the

atomic volume against
atomic mass.
Elements with similar
chemical
properties occupied same
positions.
Successful in showing the
properties of elements
formed a periodic pattern
against their atomic masses.

Historical development of the Periodic

Table
Antoine Lavoisier
Classify substances into
metals and non-metals
Unsuccessful because light,
heat and some other
compounds where not
elements.
(1834-1907)

Historical development of the

Periodic Table
Henry J. G. Moseley (1887-1915)
Concluded that proton number
should be the bases for the
periodic change of chemical
properties
Arranged the elements in order of
increasing proton number in the
Periodic Table.

Modern Periodic Table of

Elements
Elements are arranged according
their increasing proton number.
Vertical columns = groups(according
to their number of valence electron/s
Horizontal rows = periods (number of
electron shells filled by electrons)

Modern Periodic Table of

Elements

Group 18/VIII
Elements
Known as noble gases/inert
gases(chemically unreactive elements)
Non-metals that exist as monoatomic
colourless gases.
Members : Helium(He), Neon(Ne),
Argon(Ar), Krypton(Kr), Xenon(Xe),
Radon(Ra).

Physical Properties of Group

18
Very small atomic sizes.
Low melting and boiling points
Weak van der Waals forces of attraction
between atoms.

Low densities
Very small masses but huge volumes.

Melting and boiling points of elements

increase down the Group 18.

Chemical Properties?
All Group 18 elements are chemically
inert/unreactive.
The outermost electron shell of each
member is fully occupied by electrons.
This is a stable electron arrangement
which in
Helium, it is said achieve duplet electron
arrangement.
Other than Helium, it is said achieve octet
electron arrangement.

Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Airships

Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Airships

Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Airships

Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Weather
balloon

Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.

Weather
balloon

Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen
tank for divers.
Oxygen
tank

Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen
tank for divers.
Oxygen
tank

Uses of Group 18
Helium Elements
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen tank for
divers.

Oxygen
tank

Uses of Group 18
Elements

Neon

Advertising lights

Uses of Group 18
Elements

Neon

Used in aeroplane runway lights

Uses of Group 18
Elements

Argon

To fill light bulbs.

Uses of Group 18
Elements

Krypton

Used in lasers to repair the retina of the

eye.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Krypton
To fill photographic flash lamps.

Uses of Group 18
Elements

Xenon

Making electron tubes and stroboscopic

lamps

Uses of Group 18
Elements

Radon

Used to treat cancer

Group 1
Elements

Consists of lithium(Li), sodium(Na),

potassium(K), rubidium(Rb),
caesium(Cs) and francium(Fr).
They are known as alkali metals
because they react with water to
produce alkaline solution.

Physical Properties of Group 1

Elements

Soft
Low melting points
Low densities
Shiny and silvery surface
Good conductor of heat
Good conductor of electricity

Physical Properties of Group 1

Elements
Hardness, melting point and
boiling of the elements decrease.

Physical Properties of Group 1

Elements
Hardness, melting point and boiling of the
elements decrease.

Metallic bonding in metals is caused by the attraction

between positive ions and the sea of negative electrons
surrounding them.

Physical Properties of Group 1

Elements
Hardness, melting point and boiling of the
elements decrease.

When go down Group 1, atom becomes larger. The

positive nucleus gets further away from the negative sea
of electrons.

Physical Properties of Group 1

Elements
Hardness, melting point and boiling of the
elements decrease.

The force of attraction between the metal ions and the

sea of electrons gets weaker down the group.

Physical Properties of Group 1

Elements
Hardness, melting point and boiling of the
elements decrease.

Less energy is needed to overcome this weakening

force of attraction.

Chemical Properties of Group 1

Elements
All react with water to produce
alkaline metal hydroxide solution and
hydrogen gas.
2X(s) + 2H2O(l) 2XOH(aq) + H2(g)
How to test the alkaline solution?

Group 1 metals +
Water

Group 1 metals +
Water

Group 1 metals +
Water

Chemical Properties of Group 1

Elements
All burn in oxygen gas to produce
white solid metal oxides.
4X(s) + O2(g) 2X2O(s)
The oxide dissolve in water to form
alkaline metal hydroxide solution.
X2O(s) + H2O(l) 2XOH(aq)

Chemical Properties of Group 1

Elements
All burn in chlorine gas to produce
white solid metal chlorides.
2X(s) + Cl2(g) 2XCl(s)

Chemical Properties of Group 1

Elements
Why all elements in Group 1 have same
chemical properties?
Chemical reaction is all about the activity of
electron/s
All the elements have one valence electron.
Each of them reacts by donating one
valence electron to form an ion with a
charge of +1 to achieve stable electron
arrangement.

Chemical Properties of Group 1

Elements

Why the reactivity of elements increases

down the Group 1?

Atomic size of Group 1 elements increases from

lithium to francium./Number of shells occupied
by electrons increases.
Distance between the valence electron in the
outermost shell and positive nucleus increases
down the Group 1.
Attraction between nucleus and valence electron
decreases.
It is easier for the atom to lose the valence
electron to achieve stable electron arrangement.

Group 1 metals +
Water

Group 17
Elements
Members are fluorine(F2) , chlorine(Cl2),
bromine(Br2), iodine(I2), and astatine(At2)
The elements are also known as halogens
which exist as diatomic molecules.

Physical
Properties of
Group 17

They have low melting and boiling points

because molecules are attracted to each
other by weak van der Waals forces of
attraction.
The melting and boiling points of the
elements increases down Group 17.
This change the states of elements from gas
to solid and the colour of elements from
lighter colour to darker colour.

Physical
Properties of
Group 17
Elements
Fluorine
Chlorine

State
Gas
Gas

Bromine

Liquid

Iodine

Solid

Colour
Pale yellow
Greenishyellow
Reddishbrown
Purplish-black

Physical
Properties of
Group 17

Why the melting and boiling points of

elements increases down Group 17?
Molecular size/relative molecular mass of the
elements increases down Group 17.
Forces of attraction between
molecules/Intermolecular forces of attraction
increases.
More heat is needed to overcome the stronger
forces of attraction between the molecules.

Chemical
Properties of
Group 17

All members have similar chemical

properties but differ in the reactivity.
React with water to form two acids
X2(g) + H2O(l)
HX(aq) + HOX(aq)
Example:

Cl2(g) + H2O(l)

HCl(aq)

HOCl(aq)

hydrochloric
hypochlorous
acid
acid
Hypochlorous acid is a bleaching agent (bleach
both blue and red litmus paper)

Chemical
Properties of
Group 17

All members have similar chemical properties

but differ in the reactivity.
Halogens in gaseous state react with hot iron to
form brown solid.
2Fe(s) + 3X2(g) 2FeX3(s)
Example:

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s)

solid iron(III) chloride(brown)

Chemical
Properties of
Group 17

All members have similar chemical properties

but differ in the reactivity.
Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution to
produce sodium halide, sodium halate(I) and water
X2 + 2NaOH(aq) NaX(aq) + NaOX(aq) + H2O(l)
Example:
Cl2 + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Sodium chlorate(I)

Chemical
Properties of
Group 17

Why all halogens possess similar chemical

properties?
Chemical reaction = lose or accept electron/s
All halogens always gain one electron to
achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
Therefore, they have similar chemical
properties.

Chemical
Properties of
Group 17

Why chemical reactivity of halogens

decreases down Group 17?
Atomic size/number of electron occupied
shells of halogens increases down Group 17.
The outermost shell becomes further from
the nucleus of the atom.
Strength to attract one electron into the
outermost shell by the nucleus becomes
weaker.
Reactivity decreases.

Perio
d

Elements across a period exhibit a

periodic change in properties.
Period 3
Proton number increases by one unit from
one element to the next element

Perio
d

All the atoms of the elements have three

shells occupied with electrons
The number of valence electrons in each
atom increase from 1 to 8

Perio
d

All the elements exist as solid except

chlorine and argon which are gases
The atomic radius of elements decreases.
This is due to the increasing nuclei
attraction on the valence electrons.

Perio
d

The electronegativity of elements

increases. This is also due to the
increasing nuclei attraction on the
valence electrons and the decreases in
atomic size.

Perio
d

Metals

Metalloid

Non-

metals
Metalloid semi-metal, reacts with acid only,
weak conductor, brittle and not malleable and
ductile.

Perio
d

Uses of metalloid
Make diodes and transistors
A diode
A transistor

Both are commonly used in the making of microchips

Microchips are widely used in the manufacture of
computers, mobile phones, televisions, video
recorders, calculators, radio and etc.

Perio
d

Oxides of elements change from basic to amphoteric

and then to acidic across the period towards the right.

Basic oxides react with acids to form salt and water

Acidic oxides react with alkalis to form salt and water
Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and alkalis
to form salt and water.

Transition
Elements
Elements from Group 3 to Group 12 in the
Periodic Table.
Common characteristics
Solid metal with shiny surface.
Good conductor of heat and electricity.
High melting and boiling points.
Hard, malleable and ductile.

Transition
Elements
Special characteristics
Show different oxidation numbers in
their compounds
Form coloured ions or compounds
Use as catalysts
Form complex ions

Transition
Elements
Show different oxidation numbers in their
compound
Compound

Formula

Oxidation number

Chromium(III) chloride

CrCl3

+3

Potassium dichromate(VII)

K2Cr2O7

+6

Manganese(II) sulphate

MnSO4

+2

Manganese(VI) oxide

MnO2

+4

Potassium manganate(VII)

KMnO4

+7

Iron(II) sulphate

FeSO4

+2

Iron(III) chloride

FeCl3

+3

Copper(I) oxide

Cu2O

+1

Copper(II) sulphate

CuSO4

+2

Transition
Elements
Form coloured ions or compounds
Element

Ion

Colour
Cr3+

Green

CrO42-

Yellow

Cr2O72-

Orange

Mn2+

Pale pink

MnO4-

Purple

Fe2+

Pale green

Fe3+

Yellowish brown

Cobalt

Co2+

Pink

Nickel

Ni2+

Green

Copper

Cu2+

Chromium

Manganese
Iron

Blue

Green

Transition
Elements
Form coloured ions or compounds
Gemstone
Emerald
Amethyst
Sapphire
Ruby
Topaz

Transition
metal

Colour

Ni and Fe

Green

Fe and Mn

Purple

Co and Ti

Blue

Cr

Red

Fe

Yellow

Transition
Elements
Emerald

Transition
Elements
Amethyst

Transition
Elements
Sapphire

Transition
Elements
Ruby

Transition
Elements
Topaz

Transition
Elements
As catalyst
Process

Catalyst

To
manufactu
re

Haber
Process

Iron fillings,
Fe

Ammonia

Contact
Process

Vanadium(V
) oxide,
V2O5

Sulphuric
acid

Ostwald
Process

Platinum, Pt

Nitric acid

Transition
Elements
To form complex ions
Element
Iron
Chromiu
m
Copper

Complex ions

Formula

Hexacyanoferrate(II)
ion

[Fe(CN)6]4-

Hexacyanoferrate(III)
ion

[Fe(CN)6]3-

Hexaamina
chromium(III) ion

[Cr(NH3)6]3+

Tetraamina copper(II)
ion

[Cu(NH3)4]2+

Tetrachlorocuprate(II)

[CuCl4]2-