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4 - Periodic Table
4 - Periodic Table
Learning Objectives
(1743-1794)
(1780-1849)
Introduced triads.
Elements were classified
into groups of three
elements with same
chemical properties
The atomic mass of middle
elements was
approximately
the average atomic mass
of
the other two elements
(1837-1898)
(1830-1895)
Group 18/VIII
Elements
Known as noble gases/inert
gases(chemically unreactive elements)
Non-metals that exist as monoatomic
colourless gases.
Members : Helium(He), Neon(Ne),
Argon(Ar), Krypton(Kr), Xenon(Xe),
Radon(Ra).
Low densities
Very small masses but huge volumes.
Chemical Properties?
All Group 18 elements are chemically
inert/unreactive.
The outermost electron shell of each
member is fully occupied by electrons.
This is a stable electron arrangement
which in
Helium, it is said achieve duplet electron
arrangement.
Other than Helium, it is said achieve octet
electron arrangement.
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.
Airships
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.
Airships
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.
Airships
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.
Weather
balloon
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
To fill airships and weather balloons.
Weather
balloon
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen
tank for divers.
Oxygen
tank
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Helium
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen
tank for divers.
Oxygen
tank
Uses of Group 18
Helium Elements
used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen tank for
divers.
Oxygen
tank
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Neon
Advertising lights
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Neon
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Argon
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Krypton
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Xenon
Uses of Group 18
Elements
Radon
Group 1
Elements
Soft
Low melting points
Low densities
Shiny and silvery surface
Good conductor of heat
Good conductor of electricity
Group 1 metals +
Water
Group 1 metals +
Water
Group 1 metals +
Water
Group 1 metals +
Water
Group 17
Elements
Members are fluorine(F2) , chlorine(Cl2),
bromine(Br2), iodine(I2), and astatine(At2)
The elements are also known as halogens
which exist as diatomic molecules.
Physical
Properties of
Group 17
Physical
Properties of
Group 17
Elements
Fluorine
Chlorine
State
Gas
Gas
Bromine
Liquid
Iodine
Solid
Colour
Pale yellow
Greenishyellow
Reddishbrown
Purplish-black
Physical
Properties of
Group 17
Chemical
Properties of
Group 17
Cl2(g) + H2O(l)
HCl(aq)
HOCl(aq)
hydrochloric
hypochlorous
acid
acid
Hypochlorous acid is a bleaching agent (bleach
both blue and red litmus paper)
Chemical
Properties of
Group 17
Chemical
Properties of
Group 17
Chemical
Properties of
Group 17
Chemical
Properties of
Group 17
Perio
d
Perio
d
Perio
d
Perio
d
Perio
d
Metals
Metalloid
Non-
metals
Metalloid semi-metal, reacts with acid only,
weak conductor, brittle and not malleable and
ductile.
Perio
d
Uses of metalloid
Make diodes and transistors
A diode
A transistor
Perio
d
Transition
Elements
Elements from Group 3 to Group 12 in the
Periodic Table.
Common characteristics
Solid metal with shiny surface.
Good conductor of heat and electricity.
High melting and boiling points.
Hard, malleable and ductile.
Transition
Elements
Special characteristics
Show different oxidation numbers in
their compounds
Form coloured ions or compounds
Use as catalysts
Form complex ions
Transition
Elements
Show different oxidation numbers in their
compound
Compound
Formula
Oxidation number
Chromium(III) chloride
CrCl3
+3
Potassium dichromate(VII)
K2Cr2O7
+6
Manganese(II) sulphate
MnSO4
+2
Manganese(VI) oxide
MnO2
+4
Potassium manganate(VII)
KMnO4
+7
Iron(II) sulphate
FeSO4
+2
Iron(III) chloride
FeCl3
+3
Copper(I) oxide
Cu2O
+1
Copper(II) sulphate
CuSO4
+2
Transition
Elements
Form coloured ions or compounds
Element
Ion
Colour
Cr3+
Green
CrO42-
Yellow
Cr2O72-
Orange
Mn2+
Pale pink
MnO4-
Purple
Fe2+
Pale green
Fe3+
Yellowish brown
Cobalt
Co2+
Pink
Nickel
Ni2+
Green
Copper
Cu2+
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Blue
Green
Transition
Elements
Form coloured ions or compounds
Gemstone
Emerald
Amethyst
Sapphire
Ruby
Topaz
Transition
metal
Colour
Ni and Fe
Green
Fe and Mn
Purple
Co and Ti
Blue
Cr
Red
Fe
Yellow
Transition
Elements
Emerald
Transition
Elements
Amethyst
Transition
Elements
Sapphire
Transition
Elements
Ruby
Transition
Elements
Topaz
Transition
Elements
As catalyst
Process
Catalyst
To
manufactu
re
Haber
Process
Iron fillings,
Fe
Ammonia
Contact
Process
Vanadium(V
) oxide,
V2O5
Sulphuric
acid
Ostwald
Process
Platinum, Pt
Nitric acid
Transition
Elements
To form complex ions
Element
Iron
Chromiu
m
Copper
Complex ions
Formula
Hexacyanoferrate(II)
ion
[Fe(CN)6]4-
Hexacyanoferrate(III)
ion
[Fe(CN)6]3-
Hexaamina
chromium(III) ion
[Cr(NH3)6]3+
Tetraamina copper(II)
ion
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
Tetrachlorocuprate(II)
[CuCl4]2-