SOLUTIONS

What is SOLUTION?
Solutions are homogenous mixtures of two or more than
two components.
Solution=solute+solvent.

Expressing concentration of solutions.

Mass%=(Mass of component in solution/total mass of solution)*100

Volume%=(Volume of component/total volume of solution)*100
Parts per million=(Number of parts of component/total number of all parts of all
components in solution)*106
Mole Fraction=(Number of moles of the component/total number of moles of all
components)
Molarity=(Moles of solute/Volume of solution in liter)
Molality=(Moles of solute/Mass of solvent in kg)

Problems?

Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin( C9H8O4 ) in acetonitrile (CH3CN)

when 6.5g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.?

Calculate the amount of benzoic acid required for preparing 250mL of 0.15M
solution in methanol?
Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in
aqueous solution.What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the
density of the solution is 1.504g/mL?
A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with
chloroform (CHCl3 ) supposed to be carcinogen. The level of contamination was
15ppm(by mass):1.Express in mass percentage?2.Determine the molality of
chloroform in sample?

Le Chateliers Principle

If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium moves
to counteract the change.

Solubility of a solid in a liquid

Effect of temperature :If dissolution process is endothermic ,solubility increases with

increase in temperature & if dissolution process is exothermic solubility decreases
with increase in temperature.

Effect of pressure: negligibly no effect.

Solubility of a Gas in a liquid

Henrys Law states the partial pressure of gas in the vapour phase is directly
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution
P=KHX
Effect of temperature :Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with increase in
temperature.
Effect of pressure: Solubility of gases in liquids increases with increase in
temperature.

Boiling

boiling.mp4

Henrys law applications

Soft drink bottles sealed under high pressure to increase the solubilty of CO 2 .
Problems faced by scuba divers.
Problems faced by people living in high altitude areas.

Problems?

H2S, a toxic gas with a rotten egg like smell,is used for the qualitative analysis.If the
solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195m,calculate Henrys law constant?

Vapour pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions

Raoults Law For a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure of each
component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
P x1
P=P0x1
Daltons law of partial pressures
Ptotal =P1 +P2
=P10x1+ P20x2

Ideal solution

The solutions which obey Raoults law over the entire range of concentration are
known as ideal solutions.
The enthalpy of mixing is zero
The volume of mixing is zero.

Non-ideal Solutions

Solutions which does not obey Raoults law.

If the vapour pressure of such a solution is higher,the solution exhibits positive
deviation.
If the vapour pressure of such a solution is lower,the solution exhibits negative
deviation.

Negative & Positive deviation

In case of negative deviation,the attractive forces between A-A and B-B weaker than
those between A-B and leads to decrease in vapour pressure resulting in negative
deviations.
In case of positive deviation,the attractive forces between A-A and B-B stronger
than those between A-B and leads to increase in vapour pressure resulting in positive
deviations.

Minimum boiling azeotrope &Maximum boiling azeotrope

The solutions which show a large positive deviation from Raoults law form
minimum boiling azeotrope.Example:ethanol water mixture.
The solutions that show a large negative deviation from Raoults law form maximum
boiling azeotrope. Example: nitric acid water mixture.

Colligative properties

The properties depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature
relative to the total number of particles present in solution.
Properties include:
1.Relative lowering of vapor pressure of solvent.
2.Depression of freezing point of the solvent
3.Elevation of boiling point of the solvent.
4.Osmotic pressure of solution.

P1=x1 p10
Reduced vapour pressure=p10 -p10x1
=p10 (1-x1)
=p10 x2
Relative lowering = p1/p10=x2

Elevation in boiling point Tb =(Tb-Tb0 ) molality

Tb =Kb * m , kb depends on solvent type.

Freezing point of substance is the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms of
the substance are in equilibrium and have same vapour pressure.

Depression in freezing point T f =(Tf-Tf0 ) molality

=K f* m , kf depends on solvent type.

Problems?

A 5% solution(by mass) of cane sugar in water has a freezing point of 271

K.Calculate the freezing point of 5% of glucose in water in water if freezing point of
water is 273.15K?
The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 Kpa at 300 K.Calculate the vapour pressure of
1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it?
The vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg.Calculate the vapour
pressure of water at 293K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450g of water?

The flow of solvent from pure solvent to the solution or from a solution of lower
concentration to a solution of higher concentration when the two are separated by a
semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.
The pressure that just stops the flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of the
solution.

Reverse Osmosis

Problems

Based on solvent-solute interactions,arrange the following in the increasing order of

solubility in n-octane.Cyclohexane,KCl,methanol,CH3CN?
Two elements A and B form compounds of the molecular formula AB2 and AB4
.When dissolved in 20 g benzene,1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K
whereas 1 g of AB4 lowers the freezing point by 1.3 K.Kf for benzene is 5.1K
kg/mol.Find the atomic masses of A and B?

Vant Hoff Factor

i=(Normal molecular mass of solute)/Observed molecular mass of solute

i=(Total number of moles of particles after association/dissociation)/ (Total number
of moles of particles before association/dissociation)
i=(observed colligative property)/(calculated colligative property)