Matematika Teknik II

Maret 2015

Matematika Teknik II
Referensi :
1. Advance Engineering Methematics ( Kreyzig)
2. Dll.
Modul :
1. Bilangan Komplex
2. Fungsi Analitik
3. Integrasi Komplex
4. Deret Pangkat dan Deret Taylor
5. Deret Laurent dan Metode Integral Residu
6. Pemetaan Konformal
7. Deret Fourier
2

Matematika Teknik II (Elektro)

Referensi :
1. Engineering Mathematics (Anthony Croft)
A modern Foundation for Electronic, Electrical and
System Engineer.
2. Advance Engineering Mathematics (Kryzig)
Modul :
1. Review Differential dan Integral
2. Persamaan Differential orde 1
3. Persamaan Diferetial Orde 2
4. Transformasi Laplace
5. Deret Pangkat dan Deret Taylor
6. Deret dan Transformasi Fourier
7. Dll.

Differentiation from first principles

Given that f(x) is differentiable, we can use the definition to prove
2
that if f ( x) x then f `(5) 10
f ( x h) f ( x )
f `( x) lim
h 0
h
( x h) 2 x 2
lim
h 0
h
x 2 2 xh h 2 x 2
lim
h0
h
lim(2 x h)
h0

As h 0, f `( x) 2 x
f `(5) 10

2 xh h 2
lim
h 0
h

h(2 x h)
h 0
h

lim

2. From first principles determine f `( x) when f ( x) x 3 2

f ( x h) f ( x )
f `( x) lim
h 0
h
( x h)3 2 ( x 3 2)
lim
h0
h
x 3 3x 2 h 3 xh 2 h3 2 x 3 2
lim
h 0
h
h(3x 2 3xh h 2 )
lim
h 0
h
lim(3 x 2 3 xh h 2 )
h 0

As h 0, f `( x) 3 x 2
f `( x) 3 x 2

3 x 2 h 3xh 2 h3
lim
h 0
h

Further practice on page 29 Exercise 1A

Questions 1, 4, 5 and 7
TJ Exercise 1
But not just Yet..

CAUTION
y

Not all functions are differentiable.

y = tan(x).
Here, tan(x) has breaks in the graph where
the gradient is undefined

y x
x

Although the graph is continuous, the

derivative at zero is undefined as the left
derivative is negative and the right
derivative is positive.

For a function to be differentiable, it must be continuous.

Further practice on page 29 Exercise 1A

Questions 1, 4, 5 and 7
TJ Exercise 1

Differentiation reminder:
Page 32 Exercise 3A Questions 1(a), (d), 2(a), (c), (d) 3(a), 4(a), 6(a)
TJ Exercise 2
TJ Exercise 3

Chapter 6
Differential Calculus
The

two basic forms of calculus are

differential calculus and integral calculus.
This chapter will be devoted to the former
and Chapter 7 will be devoted to the latter.
Finally, Chapter 8 will be devoted to a study
of how MATLAB can be used for calculus
operations.

Differentiation and the

The study of calculus usually begins with the
Derivative

basic definition of a derivative. A derivative is

obtained through the process of differentiation,
and the study of all forms of differentiation is
collectively referred to as differential calculus.If
we begin with a function and determine its
derivative, we arrive at a new function called
the first derivative. If we differentiate the first
derivative, we arrive at a new function called
the second derivative, and so on.
10

The derivative of a function is

the slope at a given point.

11

Various Symbols for the

Derivative

dy
or
dx

df ( x)
f '( x) or
dx

Definition:

dy
y
lim
dx x 0 x
12

Figure 6-2(a). Piecewise Linear

Function (Continuous).

13

Figure 6-2(b). Piecewise Linear

Function (Finite
Discontinuities).

14

Piecewise Linear Segment

15

Slope of a Piecewise Linear

Segment

y2 y1
dy
slope
dx
x2 x1
16

Example 6-1. Plot the first

derivative of the function
shown below.

17

18

Development of a Simple
Derivative
2

yx

y y ( x x)

y y x 2 xx (x)
2

19

Development of a Simple
Derivative
2
y 2 xx (x)
Continuation

y
2 x x
x
dy
y
lim
2x
dx x 0 x
20

Chain Rule

y f (u )

u u ( x)

dy df (u ) du
du

f '(u )
dx
du dx
dx
df
(
u
)
where
f '(u )
du 21

Example 6-2. Approximate the

derivative of y=x2 at x=1 by
2
(1) (1)
1
formingysmall
changes.

y (1.01) (1.01) 1.0201

2

y 1.0201 1 0.0201
dy y 0.0201

2.01
dx x
0.01
22

Example 6-3. The derivative of

sin u with respect to u is given
d
below. sin u cos u
du
Use

the chain rule to find the derivative

with respect to x of

y 4sin x

23

Example 6-3. Continuation.

ux

du
2x
dx
dy
du dy du
f '(u )

dx
dx du dx
2
4(cos u )(2 x) 8 x cos x
24

Table 6-1. Derivatives

f ( x)
af ( x)
u ( x) v( x)
f (u )

a
xn

(n 0)

un

(n 0)

uv
u
v
eu

f '( x)
af '( x)
u '( x) v '( x)
du df (u ) du
f '(u )

dx
du dx
0
nx n 1
du
nu n 1
dx
dv
du
u v
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
dx
dx
v2
du
eu
dx

Derivative Number
D-1
D-2
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-6
D-7
D-8

D-9

25

Table 6-1. Derivatives (Continued)

au
ln u
log a u
sin u

cos u
tan u
sin 1 u
cos 1 u
tan 1 u

ln a au

du
dx

1 du
u dx
1 du
log a e
u dx
du
cos u
dx
du
sin u
dx
du
sec 2 u
dx
1 du

sin
u

2
2
1 u 2 dx
1 du
0 cos 1 u

1 u 2 dx
1 du
1 u 2 dx

tan 1 u
2
2

D-10
D-11
D-12
D-13
D-14
D-15
D-16
D-17
D-18

26

Example 6-4. Determine dy/dx

for the function shown below.

y x sin x
dy
dv
du
u v
dx
dx
dx
2

d
x

d
sin
x

2
x
sin x
dx
dx

27

Example 6-4. Continuation.

dy
2
x cos x sin x 2 x
dx
2
x cos x 2 x sin x
28

Example 6-5. Determine dy/dx

for the function shown below.

sin x
y
x
d sin x
d x
du
dv
v
u
x
sin x
dy
dx
dx
dx 2 dx
2
dx
v
x
x cos x sin x

2
x
29

Example 6-6. Determine dy/dx

for the function
shown 2below.
x2

x
u
ye 2
2

x
d
2
du
1

2x x
dx
dx
2

dy
e
dx

x2

x xe

x2

30

Higher-Order Derivatives
y f ( x)
dy
df ( x)
f '( x)
dx
dx
2

d y
d f ( x) d dy
f ''( x)

2
2
dx
dx
dx dx
2

d y
d f ( x ) d d y
(3)
f ( x)

3
3
2
dx
dx
dx dx
3

31

Example 6-7. Determine the

2nd derivative with respect to x
of the function
below.
y 5sin 4 x
dy
d
5(cos 4 x) (4 x) 20 cos 4 x
dx
dx
2

d y
d

20

sin
4
x

(4
x
)

80sin
4
x

2
dx
dx
32

Applications: Maxima and

Minima
1. Determine the derivative.
2.

Set the derivative to 0 and solve for

values that satisfy the equation.
3. Determine the second derivative.
(a) If second derivative > 0, point is a
minimum.
(b) If second derivative < 0, point is a
maximum.
33

Displacement, Velocity, and

Acceleration
Displacement

Velocity

Acceleration

dy
v
dt
2

dv d y
a
2
dt dt
34

Example 6-8. Determine local

maxima or minima of function
3
2
y f ( x) x 6 x 9 x 2
below.
dy
2
3x 12 x 9
dx
2
3x 12 x 9 0
x 1 and x 3
35

Example 6-8. Continuation.

dy
2
3 x 12 x 9
dx
2

d y
6 x 12
2
dx
For

x = 1, f(1) = -6. Point is a maximum and

ymax= 6.
For

x = 3, f(3) = 6. Point is a minimum and

ymin = 2.
36