INTRODUCTION

 Planning is essential process of making

Choice between available alternatives at all
levels of decision making.

 Planning is the one of major fundamental

element of administration. In this stage,
decisions are made about what need to be
done ,by whom and with what resources
 DEFINITION
Planning is a process of determining the
objectives of administrative effort and
devising the means calculated to achieve
them.
-Millet
Planning is a continues process of making
entrepreneural decisions systematically and
with the best possible knowledge for their
future, organizing systematically the effort
needed to carry out these decision and
measuring the results of the decisions against
expectations through systematic feedback.
-Drucker
 Nature of planning
Planning is
 Sketches a complete mental picture of things
yet to happen.
 Rational, dynamic and integration process.
 management involving conceptual skill, skills
of analytical and critical thinking, decision
making and problem solving.
 Selecting and relating facts.
 Rational, conscious and deliberate effort.
 Con…
 Not static process, it is dynamic and needs
continuous adaptation.
 Comprehensive, integrative process.
 Conscious determination of a future course of
action to achieve the desired results.
 Inevitable at all levels of administration.
 Importance Of Planning
Its bring about preparedness for the happening in
the future.
Is focuses attention on the objectives or goals of
the organisation and their achievement.
It leads to economy in operating through the
selection of the best possible course of action.
It Helps In Controlling The Activities By Providing
Measures Against which performance can be
evaluated.
It helps in Co-coordinating the operations of an
organizations since a well considered plan embraces
and unifies all the divisions in an organization.
 Principles of planning
Planning must focus on defined objectives.
Planning should be simple and there should be
provision for proper analysis and classification of
action.
There should be good harmony. (union)
Planning is hierarchical nature and must have an
organisational identification. planning should be
pervasive activity covering the entire organization.
Planning must be precise in its objective scope &
nature.
 In planning the provision should be made use all
available resource.
Planning should be fully documented.
 Characteristics Of Planning
Primacy.
Continuity.
Flexibility.
Unity.
Precision.
Pervasiveness.
 Components Of Planning

components

Objectives Programme Budget

Policies Procedures
 Steps In Planning
1.Analysis & understanding of the system.
2. Formulation of operational goals and objective.
3. Establishment of planning premises.
4. Selection & formulation of the operating plan from
alternatives.
5.Securing participation.
6.Implementaton.
7. Follow-up proposed course of action.
8. Evaluation.
9. Reanalysis & new upstanding of the system.
 Types
Directional

planning Administrative

Operational
II TYPE:
1.Long range.
2.Short range.

III TYPE:
1.Strategic planning.
2. Operational planning.
Planning cycle/planning process
1.Assessing
the
8.Evaluation
Planning
& Replanning
environment

a7.Mid term
2.Data
Appraisal
Collection&
&
Data
Making
analysis
correction

3.Strategy
6.Task
Formulation
Adaptation
Target
Plan
setting
implementation

5.Plan 4.Participatiry
authentication Plan
formulation
 Steps In Community Health
Planning
Analysis of the health situation.
Establishment of objectives and goals.
Assessment of resources.
Fixing priorities.
Write up formulated plan.
Programming and implementation.
Evaluation.
 Principles in planning CHN
Plan for total community.
Policy making & programme planning should be done by
staff at all level of responsibility.
Should be based on human needs.
Should take account of culture and social factor.
Should based on present facilities.
Assignment of work should be mentioned in planning.
Should conclude clear statement about,
 Specific objectives.
 Proposed methods.
 Anticipated outcomes.
Authority should be delegated.
 Skills needed for planning
 Decision making.
 Creativity.
 Decision making
Decision making is a complex ,congrutive
process. often defined as choosing a
particular course of action.
problem solving is a part of decision
making.
Its process of choosing alternatives
between alternatives to achieve the goal.
It is the heart of the administrative and
managerial function.
Types of decision making:
 Mechanistic decision:
When the limited number of decision variables where the
outcome of alternative is known. This is useful for daily
routine& schedule.

 Analytical decision:
With large number of decision variables where the
outcome of each alternative can be computed. this type to
help to solve the personal problems.

 Judge Mental Decision:

When the limited number of decision variables where the
outcome of alternative is unknown. this type useful in solve
the personal problem.
 Adaptive decision:
large number of decision variables where the outcome are not
predictable.
According to administrative and operational level:
 Strategic planning: made by top executives that
commit valuable agency resources to achieve major
long term goals.
 Administrative Decision: made by mid-level managers
to resolve unusual problem & develop innovative
methods for improving agency function.

 Operational Decision: routine decision governing day-

to-day events that can delegated to first level manager
& are made according to the prescribed rules &
regulations.
 Decision encountered by nursing

Administrator
 Non routine: decision that are non-
routine, non-recurring & uncertain.
(for.eg) changing the way of organizing
for the delivery of nursing care.
 routine decision: decision that are
routine, recurring & certain (for.eg)
assigning duties.
 Decision strategies
Optimizing: it is an approach in which an
individual analyses a problem, determines
desired outcomes, identified possible solution,
predicts the consequences of each action,&
select the course that will give greatest
amount of preferred outcomes.
Satisfying: making a decision that is good
enough to meet a set of minimum requirement
Mixed scanning: making a decision that
satisfies to remove least promising solutions,
then select best of remaining options.
opportunistic: making a decision for the
solution chosen by problem identifier.
Do nothing: taking decision after
waiting for the storm to pass.
Eliminate critical limiting factor: making
a decision by removing most powerful
obstacle to success.
Maxima: the individual chooses that
action alternative that will yield the
largest payoff.
Precautionary: making decision by
choosing action that will maximize gain
or minimize gain or minimize loss
regardless opponents action.
Evolutionary: while taking a decision,
individual has to make series of small
changes leading towards goal.
Chameleon: making a decision by
making vague plan, adjusted to
changing circumstances.
 Models of decision making
process
1. Econological or economic man.
2. Bounded rationality model or
administrative man.
3. Simplicity favourite model or view of
games man.
Econological or Economic
man.
Discover symptoms

Set a goal or Develop criterion

define problem

Develop
alternative

Determine
All outcomes Select alternatives

Act or implement decision

 Bounded rationality
model
► Sequential attention to alternatives:
here the persons examine the
possible of a problem sequentially.
► Heuristics: is a rule which guides
the search for alternatives into areas
that have high probability for
yielding satisfactory solutions.
► Satisfying: this model sees
decision-maker is a satisfier.
Simplicity favourite
model
Set the goal

Narrow the problem.

Identify feasible alternative

Implement the solution.

Following implementation
Steps in managerial decision making
process
Select objectives

Search for alternative

Evaluate alternatives

choose

Implements

Follow up &
control
 Creativity
Creativity is an element of he decision
making.
Creative thinking can produce the solution
that are not at first apparent but that are
practical and effective.
Creative ideas and their off shoot,
innovations nourish the management
process.
Process of creative thinking
Saturation-The thinker becomes absorbed
with a problem & collects all facts &
information relating to the p problem.

Deliberation-the thinker investigates the

problem deeply &secure further ideas.

Incubation-he broods over the problem&

carried it in his subconscious mind.
Illumination-revising the solution.

Verification-ideas are experimented

for their effective use.
 Classification
Acc to eisner-1964
 Aesthetic organizing: arrangements of
things
 boundary pushing: new original uses of
articles. e.g plastic needle shields used as
play room equipment.
 inventing: new products that results from
the combination of materials and ideas.
 Creativity in management
Organizational structure open to new
ideas & ways doing things.
Its helpful to formulate the polices. and
handle conflict.
Engorment of imagination and creativity
among the staff personal is important.
 Con..
Advantages
Disadvantages