Biology Assignment

4.0 Chemical Composition Of Cell

Group Leader:
Jordan Ting
Group
Members:
Estelle Tan
Harrison Liang
Jasmine Chong

LEARNING AREA:4.0
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
THE CELL
(1)A Discuss the
a)Element in the cell
-Carbon
*backbone of organic molecules
-Hydrogen
*component of water and organic molecules
-Oxygen
*component of water and most organic
molecules

-Nitrogen
*component of protiens and nucleic acids
-Sulphur
*component of certain proteins and vitamins
-Phosphorus
*constituent of nucleic acids
*universally involved in energy transfer
reactions
*component of bones and teeth
-Calcium
*cofactor of enzymes
*triggers muscle contraction
*component of bones,teeth and plant cell
walls
-Potassium

-Magnesium
*cofactor of many enzymes
*constituent of chlorophyll
-Chlorine
*principal anion in fluids outside the cell
-Sodium
*principal cation in fluids outside the cell
*important in functioning of nerves

(B)
The Presence and important of chemical
compound in the cell
-chemical compound in the cell can be divided
into two major group:organic and inorganic
compound
-organic compound are compounds that
contain carbon
-the principal organic compound found in
organisms are carbohydrates,lipids,proteins
and nucleic acids.
-inorganic compounds are compounds that
generally do not contain carbon

(C)
Element of Carbohydrates
-supply energy for cell processes
-a means of storing energy
-give structural support to cell
walls

(D)
Types of carbohydrates,monosaccharides,disaccadrides and
polysaccarides
-Carbohydrates
*the carbohydates are made up of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen.The
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in the molecule is usually 2:1
*many carbohydrates have the general formula Cx(H2O)y,where x is
approximately equal to y.
*the three basic types of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides,dissacharic and polysaccarides.
-Monosaccharides
*monosaccharides are also called simple sugar.
*the common monosaccharides are six-carbon sugars with a
molecular formula of C6H12O6.
*examples of monosaccharides are glucose,fructose(fruit sugar) and
galatose.
*glucose is the most commom monosaccharides and respiratory
substrate
*monosaccharides are sweet-tasting crystalline substances which

-Disaccharides
*Disaccharides are formed from two
monosaccharides molecules combining
together with the elimination of a molecules of
water.The chemical reaction of the formation
is known as condensation.
*The general formula of a dissaccharide is
C12H22O11.
*Disaccharides are also called double sugars.
*Disaccharides can be broken down to their
constituent monosaccharides by a chemical
reaction involving the addition of water. The
reaction is known as hydrolysis.
*Like monosaccharides,they are sweet-tasting
crystalline substances that are soluble in

-Polysaccharides
*Many monosaccharides molecules can be
added by a series of condensation reaction to
form a very large molecules(macromolecule).
*Polysaccharides are polymers of
monosaccharides monomers.
*Polysaccharides have a general formula of
(C6H10O5)n,where n is the number of
monomers
*The large size of polysaccharides makes
them less soluble in water.They are not sweet
and cannot be crystallised.
*The common polysaccharides are
starch,glygogen and cellulose.
*The addition of iodine solution to a solution

Factors Affect Enzyme

Activity

The effect of temperature

on an enzyme - catalysed
reaction

As the temperature increases , the Substrate

temperature
molecule move faster . Thus , the rate of
reaction is
reaction between Substrate and enzyme
the
increase . Every 10C rise in temperature , the
Most
Rate of enzymatic rection in cell is doubled ,
37C
But this is only true
Until the optimum
Temperature is
reached

As the surrounding
increases , the rate of
increased until it reaches
optimum temperature .
optimum temperature is

The effect of pH on the

activity of enzyme.

The activity of enzyme is affected by the acidity or alkalinity

of the solution in which
they act . The optimum pH is the pH at which the rate of
enzymatic reaction is at its fastest . In the cell , most enzyme
function optimally at a pH that ranges from 6-8 .
In extreme pH conditions , the configuration of the enzyme is
altered and the enzyme structure is altered , destroying its
normal function . However , there are a few exceptions , such
as pepsin which can only function optimally in an acidic
condition (pH 2) in the stomach , while trypsin can only
function optimally in an alkaline condition (pH 8.5) in the

The effect of substrate concentration on the activity of

enzyme . The rate of reaction discussed here is the rate at
which enzymes convert substrates to products per unit
time .

At low substrate concentrations , few

The
increase in substrate
substrate molecule are present .
Concentration will only lead to an
As such , there are many active sites
increase I
the rate of reaction if
which are available . Therefore , the rate of
there are
enough enzyme molecule
reaction increases in direct proportion
which are
available to catalyse the
to the substrate concentration . An
additional
substrate molecule .
increase in substrate
concentration mean
more substrate
molecule are
At high substrate concentrations , there are more substrate molecule
available.
than enzyme molecules . The excess substrate molecules will have to

compete with one another for the active sites . These sites only become
available after the enzyme molecule have finished catalysing the
substrate molecules . When all active sites are engaged in the catalysis
of the substrate , an increase in the substrate concentration will not
alter the rate of reaction . The rate of reaction becomes constant . At
the point , the enzyme concentration becomes a limiting factors .

When the enzyme concentration is

doubled , the number of substrate
molecules converted into products also
doubles .

The relationship
between the rate of
reaction and enzyme
concentration .

When the enzyme

concentration is doubled
the number of substrate
molecules converted into
products also doubles

The rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction incraese when the

enzyme concentration is increased , as long as (i) no other
factors are limiting the rate of reaction .
(ii) the substrate molecules
available are in excess because
more active sites are available
for enzyme action
The rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction is directly
proportional to the concentration of the enzyme present until
a maximum rate is achieved . Beyond the maximumrate of
reaction , the concentration of substrate become a limiting

Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Lock and Key Theory
This theory when a
specific substrate
molecule arrives at the
active site of the enzyme
molecule.
If the substrate molecule
fit the enzyme molecule,
reaction occur.
If the substrate molecule
doesnt fit the enzyme
molecule, eventually no
reaction will occur.
The induced-fit theory assumes
that the substrate plays a role in
determining the final shape of
the enzyme and that the
enzyme is partially flexible.

Enzymes have varying degrees of

specificity.
Some enzymes have absolute
specificity for one substrate and
no others, while other enzymes
react with substrates with similar
functional groups, side chains, or
positions on a chain.
The least specific enzymes
catalyze a reaction at a particular
chemical bond regardless of other
structural features.