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Overview of Temperature Measurement
Overview of Temperature Measurement
Measurement
Outline
Thermocouples
overview, reference junction, proper connections, types, special limits of
error wire, time constants, sheathing, potential problems, DAQ setup
RTDs
overview, bridges, calibration, accuracy, response time, potentail problems
Thermistors
Infrared Thermometry
Other
Non-electronic measurement, thin-film heat flux gauge
Temperature Controllers
How to Choose
Thermocouples
Seebeck effect
If two wires of dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and
one end is heated, current will flow.
If the circuit is broken, there will be an open circuit voltage
across the wires.
Voltage is a function of temperature and metal types.
For small Ts, the relationship with temperature is linear
V T
You have just created another junction! Your displayed voltage will be
proportional to the difference between J 1 and J2 (and hence T1 and T2).
Note that this is Type T thermocouple.
Isothermal Block
V T1 Tblock
Software Compensation
Hardware Compensation
Thermocouple Types
Sheathing, cont.
Potential Problems
Decalibration
If thermocouples are used for very high or cold temperatures,
wire properties can change due to diffusion of insulation or
atmosphere particles into the wire, cold-working, or
annealing.
Inhomogeneities in the wire; these are especially bad in
areas with large temperature gradients; esp. common in iron.
Metallic sleeving can help reduce their effect on the final
temperature reading.
Shunt impedence
As temperature goes up, the resistance of many insulation
types goes down. At high enough temperatures, this creates
a virtual junction. This is especially problematic for small
diameter wires.
Galvanic Action
The dyes in some insulations form an electrolyte in the
water. This creates a galvanic action with a resulting emf
potentially many times that of the thermocouple. Use an
appropriate shield for a wet environment. T Type
thermocouples have less of a problem with this.
Thermal shunting
It takes energy to heat the thermocouple, which results in a small
decrease in the surroundings temperature. For tiny spaces, this
may be a problem.
Use small wire (with a small thermal mass) to help alleviate this
problem. Small-diameter wire is more susceptible to decalibration
and shunt impedence problems. Extension wire helps alleviate this
problem. Have short leads on the thermocouple, and connect them
to the same type of extension wire which is larger. Extension wire
has a smaller temperature range than normal wire.
Noise
Several types of circuit set-ups help reduce line-related noise. You
can set your data acquisition system up with a filter, too.
Small-diameter wires have more of a problem with noise.
Potential Problems
Inaccurate ice-point
part number
PCI 6232E
SCXI-1112
SCXI-1000
SCXI-1303
SH68-68-EP
cost
1495
695
695
275
95
3255
RTD geometry
Resistance Measurement
Resistance/Temperature Conversion
Potential Problems
Thermistors
Thermistor Non-Linearity
Resistance/Temperature Conversion
Infrared Thermometry
Field of View
Emissivity
2.
3.
4.
5.
Spectral Effects
Fig pg a-26
Temperature Controllers
On/off controllers
Proportional controllers
Proportional controllers
Power can be varied. For example, in a heating unit the
average power supplied will decrease the closer one gets to
the set point.
Power is often varied by turning the controller on and off
very quickly rather than using a VFD
Some proportional controllers use proportional analog
outputs where the output level is varied rather than turning
the controller on and off.
PID
Standards
Cost
Accuracy
Stability over time (esp. for high temperatures)
Sensitivity
Size
Contact/non-contact
Temperature range
Fluid
International Standards
North America
NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), UL
(Underwriters Laboratories), CSA (Canadian Standards
Association
Enclosure Ratings
Random Error
1 N
T Ti
N i 1
1 N
2
ST
T
1
i 1
1
2
Bias Error