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Inventions and Innovations
Inventions and Innovations
Lecture by
Dr. S. Srinivas Kumar
Professor of ECE
University College of Engineering,
Kakinada
JNT University, Kakinada
Invention
It is the "creation of a product or introduction of a
process for the first time."
Innovation
It happens when someone "improves on or
makes a significant contribution" to something
that has already been invented.
The first electric light was made in 1800 byHumphry Davy, an English scientist. He
experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected
wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. This is
called an electric arc.
Much later, in 1860, the English physicist SirJoseph Wilson Swan(1828-1914) was
determined to devise a practical, long-lasting electric light. He found that a carbon
paper filament worked well, but burned up quickly. In 1878, he demonstrated his new
electric lamps in Newcastle, England.
Albert Einstein
Aryabhatta
Invented Zero
Orville wright
Completed 3years
of high school
Wilbur wright
Completed
4years of high
school
William Sturgeon
Invention of the
Electromagnet
Sturgeon in 1824. Sturgeon`s original drawing from his 1824
paper to theBritish Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures, and
Commerce.
The magnet was made of 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated
wire had not yet been invented)
Willem Einthoven
Sir C V Raman
He was the recipient of the Nobel prize for Physics in 1930 for
the discovery that when Light traverses a transparent
material, some of the light that is deflected changes in
wavelength
Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the
only woman to win the award in two different fields (physics and
chemistry).
Curie's efforts, with her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery
of polonium and radium and, after Pierre's death, the further
development of X-rays.
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Teaching
Research
Consultancy
Administration
Serving the society
Sharing the innovations
Networking with higher learning
organizations
Student counselling after awareness
of his / her psychology
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RESEARCH METHODS/
TYPES OF RESEARCH
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BASIC RESEARCH
The research is for
Knowledge enhancement,
No immediate commercial potential.
Human welfare, Animal welfare and plant kingdom welfare.
It is called basic, pure, fundamental research.
The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent
something.
There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result
from basic research.
Basic research lay down the foundation for the applied research.
People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict what is going
to develop from the basic research
Example : How did the universe begin?
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APPLIED RESEARCH
Applied research is designed to solve practical problem of the
modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge
sake.
The goal of applied research is to improve the human
condition. It focuess on analysis and solving social and real
life problems. And it is expensive
Applied research is an investigation for ways of using scientific
knowledge to solve practical problems. Example : improve
agriculture crop production, treat or cure a specific disease,
improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, how can
communication among workers in large companies be improved?
Applied research can be further classified as problem
oriented and problem solving research.
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research aim to measure the quantity or amount and
compares it with past records and tries to project for future
period.
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research presents non-qualitative type of
analysis. Qualitative research is collecting, analyzing and
interpreting data by observing what people do and say.
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TYPES OF RESEARCH
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INTERDISCIPLINARY
--James Collins
An interdisciplinary community or project is made up of people
from multiple disciplines and professions who are engaged in
creating and applying new knowledge as they work together as
equal stakeholders in addressing a common challenge.
The key question is what new knowledge (of an academic
discipline nature), which is outside the existing disciplines, is
required to address the challenge.
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY
A multidisciplinary community or project is made up of people
from different disciplines and professions who are engaged in
working together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common
challenge.
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Workon
Multidisciplinary
commonproblem
Interaction
Interdisciplinary
forgesnewdiscipline
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TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
Transdisciplinarity connotes a research strategy that crosses
many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach.
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INTRA DISCIPLINARY
An Intra disciplinary approach involves an arrangement of the
knowledge and skills within one subject area.
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RESEARCH TOPICS
Air Quality
Climate Change
Environment
Ecosystem Management
(Optimizing the natural
resources)
Electricity
Energy
Environmental Regulation
Food and Agriculture
Forests
Land Use
Marine Resources
Policy Instruments
Risk Management
Space
Transportation
Waste Management and Site
Cleanup
Water
Pharmacy
Engineering disciplines
Management
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Electronics and
Communication Engg
Communication
Engineering
VLSI Design
Civil Engineering
Structural Engineering
Soil Mechanics
Environmental
Engineering
Computer Science
Engineering
Mobile Computing
Computer Architecture
Power Systems
Power Electronics
VLSI Design
Mechanical Engineering
Thermal Engineering
Production Engineering
Machine Designing
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SELECTION OF TOPIC
(CHECK FOR VIABILITY, WITH HARDWARE)
Image Processing
Image enhancement
Image restoration
Image segmentation
Image mosaic
Image matching
Image registration
Image watermarking
Image Inpainting
Image compression
Image fusion
Image retrieval
Super resolution
Visual Cryptography
Pattern Recognition
Voice Recognition
Speech Recognition
Face Recognition
Iris Recognition
Character Recognition
Palm Recognition
Finger Print Recognition
Vein Recognition
Ear Pattern Recognition
DNA Recognition
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maths)
Example:
If the area of research is Image Processing
Computer vision
Pattern Recognition
Image Processing
Transform Techniques
Mathematics
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http://www.flazx.com/
http://www.ebooks.com/
http://www.faadooengineers.com/content/
http://bookboon.com/en/textbooks
http://www.ebooksdownloadfree.com/
http://www.freeengineeringbooks.com/
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COLLECTION OF LITERATURE
(soft copy & Hard copy)
Fundamental Steps
User Community
For example: www.watermarkingworld.org
Preferably collect all the research papers available in the area of research, in particular for
the last three years from standard journals
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BIT : (http://biometrics.idealtest.org/)
For Iris, Face, Fingerprint, Palm print, Face, Handwriting & Signature,
Multispectral Palm
Video Database:
http://trecvid.nist.gov/
http://trec.nist.gov/
http://www.open-video.org/
http://ivp.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/index.shtml
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Signal compression
PSNR,
Entropy,
Compression ratio
Watermarking
PSNR
Normalized Cross correlation
Computational complexity
Information hiding capacity
Data Retrieval
Retrieval rate
Retrieval efficiency
Computation time
Image Segmentation
Segmentation accuracy,
Sensitivity
Specificity etc.
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Optimization Techniques
o
o
o
o
o
Neural Networks
o
o
o
o
Dynamic Programming,
Simulated Annealing,
Genetic algorithm,
Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) algorithm
Particle Swarm Optimization
Wavelets,
Curvelets,
Contourlets,
S-Transform,
Nonsubsampled Contourlets
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SPONSORED RESEARCH
Submission of Project proposals to funding
agencies(UGC, AICTE, DST, DBT, DRDO,
etc.,)
Presentation of proposal
Effective utilization of funds
Submission of outcome
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STAGES IN PUBLISHING
Choice of a journal
Manuscript preparation and
submission
Review
Manuscript revision
Editorial decision
Copyright form
Proof reading
Publication
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STAGES IN PATENTING
Approaching an attorney
Manuscript preparation and
submission
Review
Manuscript revision
Decision
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etc.,
,viz.,
,i.e.,
But,
All Mathematical equations must be in Italic
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Title cover
Certificate
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Contents
list of abbreviations
List of figures
List of symbols
List of tables
Chapter 1(Introduction),
followed by
Chapter 3,
chapters),
Chapter 6 (conclusions and Future directions)
o
References
Annexures
Publications (Main)
Brief bio-data of one page with address, mobile no. and E-mail
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Thank you
Thank You
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