Focus Four Hazard Training For Masonry Construction

Focus Four Hazard Training
For Masonry Construction

Module 1 - Electrical Safety
Susan Harwood Grant Training Program
Disclaimer/Usage Notes
This material was produced under grant number SH-17793-SH8 from the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily
reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade
names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
Government.
Images shown may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA
requirements. These photos are clearly marked as non-compliant.
It is not the intent of RMMI to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the
intent is more to address Focus Four hazard awareness in the masonry construction
industry, and to recognize overlapping hazards present in many construction workplaces.
It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply
with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all
OSHA regulations are available from www.osha.gov. This presentation is intended to
discuss Federal regulations only. If this training is held in a state that is operating under
an OSHA-approved State Plan, State OSHA requirements for that state must be included
in the training. It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to
augment their training programs will be "qualified" to do so.
Developed under an OSHA Susan Harwood Grant, # SH-17793-SH8, by
the Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute, Denver, Colorado
SUBPART
Masonry Electrical Safety
Training Objectives
After completing this unit, you will:

Be familiar with the basic concepts of
electricity.
Understand the potential effects of
electricity on the human body.
Be able to recognize common electrical
hazards associated with masonry work.
Be familiar with electrical protective
devices.
Be knowledgeable of safe work practices.
SUBPART
References
29 CFR 1926.400; Subpart K
National Electric Code (NEC)
SUBPART
Take Electricity Seriously
Electricity is the second leading

cause of death in construction.
Electrocutions make up 12% of

construction fatalities annually.
Over 30,000 non-fatal shocks occur

each year.
Over 600 deaths occur annually

due to electrocution.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
SUBPART
Electrical Accidents
Leading Causes of Electrical Accidents:
Drilling and cutting through cables

Using defective tools, cables and equipment
Failure to maintain clearance distance of 10 feet
Failure to de-energize circuits and follow Lockout/Tagout
procedures
Failure to guard live parts from accidental worker contact
Unqualified employees working with electricity
Improper installation/use of temporary electrical systems
and equipment
By-passing electrical protective devices
Not using GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupters) devices
Missing ground prongs on extension cords
SUBPART
Hazards of Electricity
Shock Most common and can cause electrocution or

muscle contraction leading to secondary injury which
includes falls
Fires Enough heat or sparks can ignite combustible
materials
Explosions Electrical spark can ignite vapors in the
air
Arc Flash - can cause burns ranging from 14,000
degrees f. to 35,000 degrees f
Arc Blast In a short circuit event copper can expand
67,000 times. The expansion causes a pressure wave.
Air also expands adding to the pressure wave
SUBPART
Fundamentals of Electricity
Like Water In A Garden Hose
Resistance = Diameter of Hose

Example Larger hose (less resistance),
more water flows
Voltage = Water Pressure

Example 45 PSI
ater
W
f
o
w
o
l
F
Current = Flow Rate

Example 15 gallons per minute
SUBPART
Fundamentals of Electricity
Electrical current is the flow of
electrons through a conductor.
A conductor is a material that allows
electrons to flow through it.
An insulator resists the flow of
electrons.
Resistance opposes electron flow.
SUBPART
Current Flows in a
Loop or Circuit
Circuits are AC
(alternating current) or
DC (direct current).
Current is usually AC.
AC current has five

parts:
(1) Electrical source
(2) HOT wire to the tool.
(3) The tool itself
(4) NEUTRAL wire returns
electricity from the tool
(5) GROUND
SUBPART
How Shocks Occur

Current travels in closed circuits
through conductors (water, metal,
the human body).
Shock occurs when the body
becomes a part of the circuit.
Current enters at one point &
leaves at another.
SUBPART
Shocks Occur in
Three Ways
Contact with both

conductors
Contact with one
conductor and
ground
With a tool: contact
with hot metal part
and ground (1), (2) &
(3)
10
SUBPART
Severity of the Shock
Severity of the Shock depends on:

Amount of current
Determined by voltage and resistance to
flow
Path through the body

Duration of flow through the body
Other factors such as general health
and individual differences.
11
SUBPART
He sweats - and he dies...

Luling, La. - A man was electrocuted when his
sweat dripped into the electric drill he was using
to build a swing set in his backyard, the coroner
said.
Richard Miller was pronounced dead
Sunday at St. Charles Hospital, said David Vial,
St. Charles Parish coroner. Miller, 54, had been
using an electric drill in 90 degree heat, Vial said
Monday.
Apparently the man was sweating
profusely, Vial said. He probably was pushing
against the drill with his chest and his
perspiration went into the drill itself and made a
contact.
The Associated Press
12
SUBPART
13
Effects of Current Flow
More than 3 milliamps (ma): painful shock

More than 10 ma: muscle contraction
More than 20 ma: considered severe shock
More than 30 ma: lung paralysis - usually
temporary
More than 50 ma: possible ventricular
fibrillation (usually fatal)
100 ma to 4 amps: certain ventricular fibrillation
(fatal)
Over 4 amps: heart paralysis; severe burns
SUBPART
14
Using a 120 volt circuit and resistance

for wet & dry skin:
E=IR: Voltage=Current x Resistance

(Volts) (Amps)
(Ohms)
So: I=E/R
Dry Skin =120/100,000=.0012 amps
=1.2ma flowing through
body to ground
Wet skin =120/1000=.120 amps
=120ma flowing through
body to ground
Remember: 1 Amp = 1000 milliamps
SUBPART
Effects of Current Flow
15
SUBPART
Controlling Electrical Hazards
Employers must follow the OSHA

Electrical Standards (Subpart K)
Electrical installation
Subpart K includes four proactive
methods:
Electrical Isolation
Equipment Grounding
Circuit Interruption
Safe Work Practices
16
SUBPART
Electrical Isolation
We can be safe by keeping electricity

away from us. We can:
Insulate the conductors.
Example: The insulation on extension cords.
Elevate the conductors.

Example: Overhead powerlines.
Guard the conductors by enclosing them.

Example: Receptacle covers, boxes, &
conduit.
17
SUBPART
Insulating the Conductors
The first way to safeguard workers

from electrically energized wires is
through insulation.
Rubber and plastic is put on wires to
prevent shock, fires, short circuits
and for strain relief.
It is always necessary to check the
insulation on equipment and cords
before plugging them in.
Remember, even the smallest defect
will allow leakage!
18
SUBPART
Defective Extension Cords
Photos depict hazardous condition
20
19
SUBPART
20
Defective Cord Incident
Depicts hazardous condition
Worker attempted to
climb scaffold with
electric drill.
Drills cord was
damaged with bare
wires showing.
The bare wire contacted
the scaffolding.
The worker died!
SUBPART
Elevating the Conductors
The second way to safeguard workers

from electrically energized wires is by
elevating them.
Wires are often elevated by the power
company.
It is always necessary to check the
location of overhead lines before you
begin work each day.
Remember, never allow yourself, your
tools, or the materials you are working
with to be within 10 feet of energized lines!
Photo depicts hazardous condition
21
SUBPART
Working Near Overhead Lines
Clearance of worker and any

equipment, tools, materials, or
scaffold near uninsulated
lines is 10 feet!
22
SUBPART
23
Overhead Line Incident

A worker was
attempting to
move mobile
scaffold.
Scaffold made
contact with
7200 volt line.
The worker died.
SUBPART
24
Guarding the Conductors
The third way to safeguard workers from

electrically energized wires is by
guarding them.
Covers, boxes, and enclosures are often
put around conductors to prevent
worker contact.
It is always necessary to check that
electrical boxes and panels are covered
and free from missing knock-outs.
Remember, electric equipment operating
at 50 volts or more must be guarded!
SUBPART
25
SUBPART
26
SUBPART
Equipment Grounding
We can be safe by providing a

separate, low resistance pathway for
electricity when it does not follow
normal flow (ground prong).
Grounding gives the stray current

somewhere to go and keeps you from
becoming part of the circuit.
27
SUBPART
Can You Rely on Grounding?
Grounding will not work if the

electricity can flow through you more
easily than the ground. This can
happen when:
Your tool doesnt have a ground pin.
Youre working in wet locations.
Youre touching a metal object.
28
SUBPART
What Must be Grounded?

All circuits and
extension cords.
All noncurrent carrying
metal parts.
Portable & semi-portable
tools and equipment
unless double insulated.
29
SUBPART
Do Not Eliminate the Ground!
You become the next-best path for current!

30
SUBPART
31
Do Not Reverse Polarity

The prongs are different
sized so you cant turn
the plug around. If you
do, the electrical fields
within the motor are always
energized. If there is
moisture present, the case
is likely to be hot. Even
with double-insulated tools,
you still could get a shock.
SUBPART
Circuit Interruption
We can be safer by automatically shutting

off the flow of electricity in the event of
leakage, overload, or short circuit.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)
are circuit protection (or overcurrent)
devices that protect you, the worker.
Circuit breakers & fuses protect
equipment, not you, because they take
too much current & too much time to trip.
32
SUBPART
Circuit Protective Devices
Circuit Breakers and Fuses

Only protect the building, equipment,
and tools from heat build-up!
Never depend on circuit breakers or
fuses to prevent shocks!
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

(GFCI)
Is the only device which will protect the
worker from shock and electrocution!
33
SUBPART
34
GFCI Protection
All temporary circuits are required to
have GFCI protection or:
Equipment & cords must be included
in an Assured Equipment Grounding
Conductor Program
An extension cord is a temporary circuit.
Types of GFCIs: receptacle, circuit
breaker and portable
Must be wired correctly and tested.
SUBPART
How a GFCI Works

The GFCI detects
leakage of 4-6
milliamps & opens
the circuit in 1/40th
of a second.
It will work without
the ground plug
but not fast
enough if you are
the ground .
35
SUBPART
Types of GFCI Protection
36
SUBPART
37
Types of GFCI Protection
A GFCI breaker must be installed to protect

workers using 220V masonry saws.
SUBPART
GFCI Testers
38
SUBPART
Assured Equipment Grounding

Conductor Program
Requires the following:
-Written program and specific procedures
-Program implemented by a Competent Person (one
who is capable of identifying existing and predictable
hazards in the surroundings or working conditions
which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to
employees, and who has authorization to take prompt
corrective measures to eliminate them.
-Equipment grounding conductors must be tested
(tools, extension cords, and circuits):
At least every three months for cords & tools
At least every six months for receptacles
Results recorded - equipment coded (colored tape)
39
SUBPART
Checking for Ground Continuity
What else we should we notice here?

40
SUBPART
Temporary Wiring
There must be separate circuits for

electric tools and lighting, each
labeled as such.
Light circuits do not require a GFCI.
Unless used in a wet location.
Test branch circuits before use.

Maintain vertical clearances.
Insulate wires from their supports.
41
SUBPART
42
Permanent Equipment in Temporary Use
What is wrong with using this as a splitter?

SUBPART
Extension Cords and Cables
Must be in good shape without splices.

Cannot be secured with staples, nails or
bare wire.
Must be protected from damage.
Must have a ground pin.
Should be inspected regularly and pulled
from service if defective.
Cannot be repaired with electrical or duct
tape. Must repair with heat-shrink sleeve or
bonding/vulcanizing tape to retain original
insulation properties.
43
SUBPART
Acceptable Cord Types

All cords must meet the National Electric Codes
(NEC) requirement for Hard/Extra Hard type.
Look for markings stamped on cords.
Acceptable Cord Types
Extra Hard Use Markings: S, ST, SO, STO

Hard Usage Markings: SJ, SJO, SJT, SJTO
44
SUBPART
45
SUBPART
46
Extension Cords-Whats the Difference?
No flat cords allowed on construction sites!
SUBPART
Clever Or Foolish?
47
SUBPART
Temporary Lighting
All bulbs must be
guarded
No broken bulbs
or empty sockets
Not suspended
by wiring
Low voltage for
wet locations
48
SUBPART
Portable Generators
The frame of the

portable generator need
not be grounded if:
the generator supplies
only cord and plug
connected equipment.
The non-current carrying
metal parts of equipment
and the equipment
grounding conductor
terminals of the
receptacles are bonded
to the generator frame.
GFCI is required if >5kV
or if generator provides
220V as well as 110V.
49
SUBPART
Safe Work Practices
Before work begins, the employer

must determine where exposed and
concealed electrical circuits are
located.
Once found, warning signs/labels
must be posted.
Workers need to know the location,
hazards, and protective measures.
50
SUBPART
Safe Work Practices
Competent Person determines if

performance of work could bring
contact with energy.
Distance of the worker to the energy
source should be considered first.
Tools, materials, and processes should
also be considered to see if they could
potentially shorten the safe separation
distance.
Examples: Metal Ladders, Re-bar, Forklift,
Scaffold Frames, etc.
51
SUBPART
Safe Work Practices
Must not permit work near electric

circuits unless the worker is
protected by:
De-energizing the circuit and grounding
it.
Guarding it effectively by insulation.
Other means (maintaining safe
separation)
De-energized circuits and equipment

must be locked/tagged out.
52
SUBPART
Safe Work Practices

No metal ladders for or near
electrical work.
No wet hands when plugging or
unplugging cords/equipment.
No raising or lowering tools by
the cord.
Unless equipment is designed
for it, cannot be used in damp
and wet locations.
53
SUBPART
Electrical Safety
Common OSHA Citations:
.404(b)(1)(i): Branch circuits: GFCI
protection/Assured Equipment Grounding
Conductor Program
.404(f)(6): Grounding path
.403(b)(2): Equipment installation and use
.404(b)(1)(ii): GFCI
.403(i)(2)(i): Guarding live parts
How can the hazards addressed by these

Standards best be corrected, controlled,
or eliminated?
54
SUBPART
55
Summary Hazards & Protections

Hazards
Inadequate wiring
Exposed electrical parts
Wires with bad insulation
Ungrounded electrical systems
and tools
Overloaded circuits
Damaged power tools and
equipment
Using the wrong PPE and tools
Overhead power lines
All hazards are made worse in wet
conditions
Damaged extension cords
Unqualified workers doing
electrical work
Protective Measures
Proper grounding
Use GFCIs
Use fuses and circuit breakers
Guard live parts
Lockout/Tagout
Proper use of flexible cords
Close electrical panels by
Competent Person
Employee training
Ensure Competent Person on
site
Use proper approved electrical
equipment
Qualified person install
electrical devices
SUBPART
REVIEW QUESTIONS
True or False?
1. Shocks and Electrocutions are the most
common type of electrical accident and are
the fourth leading cause of worker deaths.
2. The human body will not conduct
electricity.
3. It takes at least 1 amp going through a
worker to kill them.
4. Insulation on extension cords & elevating
power lines are examples of protection
through isolation.
56
SUBPART
REVIEW QUESTIONS
True or False?
5. All portable and semi-portable tools and
equipment must be grounded unless
double insulated.
6. You, your tools, and the materials you are
working with, must never be closer than 3
feet of energized power lines!
7. Electric equipment operating at 50 volts or
more must be guarded!
8. All circuits and extension cords must be
grounded.
57
SUBPART
REVIEW QUESTIONS
True or False?
9. Circuit breakers and fuses are designed to
protect the worker from electrocution.
10. GFCI protection or Assured Ground
Continuity is required on all temporary
circuits.
11. Extension cords are not required to have
a ground prong when they are GFCIprotected.
12. It is OK to work on a circuit which has not
been de-energized.
58

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Focus Four Hazard Training For Masonry Construction

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Focus Four Hazard Training

For Masonry Construction

Masonry Electrical Safety

After completing this unit, you will:

Masonry Electrical Safety

Masonry Electrical Safety

Take Electricity Seriously

Electricity is the second leading

Electrocutions make up 12% of

Over 30,000 non-fatal shocks occur

Over 600 deaths occur annually

Masonry Electrical Safety

Leading Causes of Electrical Accidents:

Drilling and cutting through cables

Masonry Electrical Safety

Shock Most common and can cause electrocution or

Masonry Electrical Safety

Resistance = Diameter of Hose

Voltage = Water Pressure

Current = Flow Rate

Masonry Electrical Safety

Masonry Electrical Safety

Current is usually AC.

AC current has five

Masonry Electrical Safety

How Shocks Occur

Masonry Electrical Safety

Contact with both

Masonry Electrical Safety

Severity of the Shock

Severity of the Shock depends on:

Path through the body

Masonry Electrical Safety

He sweats - and he dies...

Masonry Electrical Safety

Effects of Current Flow

More than 3 milliamps (ma): painful shock

Masonry Electrical Safety

Using a 120 volt circuit and resistance

E=IR: Voltage=Current x Resistance

Masonry Electrical Safety

Effects of Current Flow

Masonry Electrical Safety

Controlling Electrical Hazards

Employers must follow the OSHA

Masonry Electrical Safety

We can be safe by keeping electricity

Elevate the conductors.

Guard the conductors by enclosing them.

Masonry Electrical Safety

Insulating the Conductors

The first way to safeguard workers

Masonry Electrical Safety

Defective Extension Cords

Photos depict hazardous condition

Masonry Electrical Safety

Defective Cord Incident

Depicts hazardous condition

Masonry Electrical Safety

Elevating the Conductors

The second way to safeguard workers

Masonry Electrical Safety

Working Near Overhead Lines