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Thermo Chapter 91234
Thermo Chapter 91234
Coupling
Salinity
Processes
Energy
transfer
Storage and
transport of energy
below the ocean
Removing
heat
Net surface
radiation flux
rad
Q0
Latent
heat
Sensible
heat
FQLH
0
FQSH
0
Heat transfer
by precipitation
Ocean
FQPR
0
Transport of
energy via fluid
motions
FQnet0
Storage
FQadv
0
Transport of
energy via fluid
motions
adv
Q0
ent
Q0
Via
entrainment
Adding
heat
FQSH
0 c pd w ' ' 0
FQLH
0 Llv w ' qv ' 0
Covariances
High-frequency
measurements
Rarely available
Estimate in terms of
other parameters
c pC DH ua u0 a 0
FQLH
0 Llv C DE ua u0 qva qv 0
Aerodynamic transfer
coefficients
Under Ordinary conditions
Ri B 0
Stable
Ri B 0
Neutral
Ri B 0
unstable
C DH C DE
Just
above
the
surface
k2
za
ln
z0
f Ri B
Richardson
number
Stable
Ri B 0
Neutral
Ri B 0
unstable
Temperature of
the rain drop
If thermal equilibrium
Train= wet bulb T of the atmosphere
FQoPR l c pl P r TWa To
TWa To
Usually
Snow??
c ps TIa T0
Lil
Latent heat
Melt Snow
0.0063 TIa T0
Long term
contribution to
surface energy
budget small
Commonly
Neglected
Bowen Ratio
B0
FQoSH
FQoLH
Ocean Surface
Salinity Budget
Precipitation
Evaporation
Formation of sea ice
Melting of sea ice
River runoff
Storage transport
below the ocean
surface
E 0
Artic Ocean
97
53
Atlantic Ocean
761
1133
Indian Ocean
1043
1294
Pacific Ocean
1292
1202
All Oceans
1066
1176
mm/yr
Important
regional
differences
P-E
average
1959-1997
FB 0
net
net
g
FQ 0 Fs 0
c
p
0
Evaporation
Ratio of the
cooling term to
the salinity term
of evaporation
Llv
c p s0
Precipitation
Tropics
High latitudes
8.0
0.6
latitudes
Ice/ocean
Heat flux terms that influence the surface
Penetration of solar radiation beneath the ice
Increase salinity
releases latent heat
Air mass
Source regions
The best for air masses are large flat areas where air
can be stagnant long enough to take on the
characteristics of the surface below
Classification:
Tropical (T)
By thermal properties
Polar (P)
Continental (C)
By moisture
Also
Cold (K)
Warm (W)
Maritime (m)
Continental
Arctic (cA):
Continental
polar (cP):
Maritime
polar (mP):
Maritime
tropical (mT):
Continental
Tropical (cT):
Water mass
Two basic circulation
systems in the oceans
Only about 10% of the ocean volume is involved in wind-driven surface currents.
The other 90% circulates due to density differences in water masses
Water masses are identified by their temperature, salinity, and
other properties such as nutrients or oxygen content.
Different inputs of freshwater
all water masses gain their particular
characteristics because of interaction with
the surface during their development.
Patterns of precipitation
Evaporation
temperature regimes
Water mass