Seminar on

Improved Power Quality

AC-DC Converters with
High Frequency Transformer Isolation
By
Prof. Bhim Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
email:bhimsinghr@gmail.com
Ph.: (91)-011-2659-1045

Classification

Improved Power Quality AC-DC Converters

with
High Frequency Transformer Isolation

The control of DC-DC converter is done such

as the input current wave shaping is achieved
for AC-DC Diode converter.
The DC-DC converter can be operated in both
DCM and CCM mode.
The control technique for DCM and CCM are
different.
It works as voltage follower in DCM mode and
there is no need of input voltage & current
sensing for power factor correction.

Applications

DC Power Supplies,
Telecommunication Power Supply,
Improved Power Factor ballast,
Power Supplies for equipments like computers,
medical equipments, printers, scanners etc.
Drives
Applications
with
Power
Factor
Improvement at AC side,
Electrical Welding,

Lighting such as ballasts, CFL etc.

Single-Phase Buck Boost

Flyback AC-DC Converter
is
vs

HFT

Ls
Cs

io

Co

Cd
Q

Vo Load

Single-Phase Buck Forward

AC-DC Converter
HFT
is
vs

Ls
Cs

Lo

io

Co

Cd

Vo Load

Single-Phase Buck Push-Pull

AC-DC Converter
HFT
is
vs

Ls
Cs

Cd

Lo

Co

Q1

Q2

io
+

Vo Load

Single-Phase Buck Half-Bridge

AC-DC Converter
HFT
is
vs

Ls

Cd1

Lo

io

Q1
Co

Cs
Cd2

Q2

Vo Load

Single-Phase Buck Full Bridge

AC-DC Converter
Ld
is

HFT

io

Ls
Q1

vs

Lo

Cs

Q3

Cd

Co
Q2

Q4

Vo Load

Single-Phase Boost Forward

AC-DC Converter
is
vs

Ls

D1

Ld

HFT

Lo

io

D2

Cs

Cd

Co

Vo Load

Single-Phase Boost Push-Pull

AC-DC Converter
is
vs

HFT

Ls

Lo

Cd

Cs

Ld

Co

+
Q1

Rd

Q2

io

Vo Load

Single-Phase Boost Half-Bridge

AC-DC Converter
Ld
is
vs

HFT
Lo

Ls
Cs

Q1

Q2

io
Co

Vo Load

Single-Phase Boost Full Bridge

AC-DC Converter
Ld
is
vs

HFT

Lo

io

Ls
Cs

Cd

Q1

Q3

Q2

Q4

Co

Vo Load

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Cuk

AC-DC Converter

is
vs

Ls

L1

Cs

C1

HFT

C2

L2

Co
Q

io

Vo Load

Single-Phase Buck-Boost SEPIC

AC-DC Converter
is
vs

Ls

Ld

Cd

HFT

io

Co

Cs
Q

Vo Load

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Zeta

AC-DC Converter
is

HFT

Ls

C1

Lo

Q
vs

Cs

Cd

Co

io

Load

Single-phase buck-boost flyback AC-DC

converter in DCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Average current mode control in CCM operation

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

FLYBACK Converter in DCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Design of Flyback Converter in DCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Design of Flyback Converter in DCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Design of Flyback Converter in DCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Design of Flyback Converter in DCM and CCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Design of Flyback Converter in DCM and CCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Design of Flyback Converter in DCM and CCM

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Specifications

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC

Converter
Source voltage and
current in DCM at
100% load

Steady state
output voltage in
DCM at 100%
load

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC

Converter
Source voltage and
current in CCM at
100% load

Steady state
output voltage in
CCM at 100%
load

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

TABLE I
Comparisons of Flyback Converter Operation in DCM and CCM
DCM Operation
CCM Operation
Quantity

10% Load

100% Load

10% Load

100% Load

Input Current THD

12%

5.1%

11%

4.4%

PF

0.981

0.997

0.989

0.998

Output Ripple

0.55%

1.73%

0.52%

1.45%

Normalized Current Peak

of Switch
Average
(pu)
RMS

25.1

6.73

6.53

2.60

0.93

0.71

0.54

0.67

2.87

1.62

1.35

1.14

Normalized Current Peak

of Diode
Average
(pu)
RMS

14.5

9.76

10.13

3.95

1.13

1.48

1.29

1.16

5.27

2.86

2.57

1.90

Control Technique

Voltage Mode Control

Average Current Control

Size of Converter

Small

Large

Single-Phase Buck Boost Flyback AC-DC Converter

Vs (V),
is(A)

Vdc (V)

Idc (A)

Test results of AC mains voltage, AC mains current, output DC voltage and output
DC current waveform of AC-DC flyback converter for load perturbation response on
equivalent resistive load (60W to 200W to 60W). (Scale on X-axis 1div=20ms, Yaxis channel-1 1div =85V, channel-2 1div =5A, channel-3 1div= 100V, channel-4
1div= 2A)

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Cuk AC-DC Converter

in DCM

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter

Inductors voltage and current waveforms in DCM

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter

CCM operation

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter

Inductors voltage and current waveforms in CCM

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter in

DCM Operation

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter in

DCM

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter in

DCM

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter in

DCM

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter

Average and peak currents in the
semiconductors and input inductor

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter

Average and peak currents in the
semiconductors and input inductor

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter

Design Description in DCM and CCM

Design Description in DCM and CCM

Design Description in DCM and CCM

Design Description in DCM and CCM

Single-Phase Cuk AC-DC Converter

Specifications

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Cuk

AC-DC Converter
Source
voltage
and current in
DCM
at
100%
load

Steady
state
output voltage in
DCM at 100% load

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Cuk

AC-DC Converter
Source
voltage
and current for
100% load in
CCM

Steady
state
output voltage
in CCM at 100%
load

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Cuk

AC-DC Converter
TABLE I
Comparisons of Cuk Converter Operation in DCM and CCM at Full Load
Quantity

DCM Operation

CCM Operation

Input Current THD

5.5%

3.8%

PF

0.998 to 1.0

0.9975 to 1.0

Ripple Factor

1.83%

1.67%

Peak Current Through Device 170A

60A

Control Technique

Voltage Mode Control

Average Current Control

Size of Converter

Small

Large

Circuit Simplicity

Simple

Complex

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Cuk

AC-DC Converter
Vs (V),
is(A)
Vdc (V)

Idc (A)

Test results of AC mains voltage, AC mains current, output DC voltage and output
DC current waveform of AC-DC cuk converter for load perturbation response on
equivalent resistive load (60W to 200W to 60W). (Scale on X-axis 1div=20ms, Yaxis channel-1 1div =175V, channel-2 1div =5A, channel-3 1div= 100V, channel-4
1div= 1.75A)

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter in

DCM

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter in

DCM

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter

CCM

in

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter

CCM

in

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter

Specifications

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter

DCM

in

Source voltage and

current in DCM at
100% load

Steady state output

voltage in DCM at
100% load

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter

CCM

in

Source voltage and

current in CCM at
100% load

Steady state output

voltage in CCM at
100% load

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter

TABLE I
Comparisons of SEPIC Converter Operation in DCM and CCM
DCM Operation
Quantity

10% Load

100% Load

CCM Operation
10% Load

100% Load

Input Current THD

10%

6%

3.8%

8.5%

PF

0.994

0.997

0.998

0.995

Output Ripple

0.22%

1.27%

1.1%

0.1%

Peak

14.50pu

9.84pu

3.24pu

3.14pu

Average

0.76pu

0.77pu

0.71pu

0.78pu

RMS

4.60pu

2.18pu

1.50pu

1.39pu

Peak

15.2pu

10.94pu

3.17pu

3.15pu

Average

1.47pu

1.27pu

0.93pu

0.98pu

RMS

7.22pu

3.34pu

1.68pu

1.56pu

Normalized Current
of Switch

Normalized Current
of Diode

Control Technique

Voltage Mode Control

Average Current Control

Size of Converter

Small

Large

Circuit Simplicity

Simple

Complex

Single-Phase SEPIC AC-DC Converter

Vs (V),
is(A)
Vdc (V)

Idc
(A)

Test results of AC mains voltage, AC mains current, output DC voltage and output DC
current waveform of AC-DC sepic converter for load perturbation response on
equivalent resistive load (60W to 200W to 60W). (Scale on X-axis 1div=20ms, Y-axis
channel-1 1div =150V, channel-2 1div =5A, channel-3 1div= 100V, channel-4 1div=
1.75A)

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Zeta

AC-DC Converter in DCM

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Zeta

AC-DC Converter in DCM

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Zeta

AC-DC Converter in CCM

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Zeta

AC-DC Converter in CCM

Single-Phase Zeta AC-DC Converter

Specifications

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Zeta

AC-DC Converter in CCM
Source voltage
and current in
DCM at 100%
load

Steady
state
output voltage in
DCM at 100%
load

Single-Phase Buck-Boost Zeta

AC-DC Converter in CCM
Source voltage and
current for 100% load
in CCM

Steady state output

voltage in CCM at
100% load

Single-Phase Zeta AC-DC Converter

Vs (V),
is(A)

Vdc (V)

Idc (A)

Test results of AC mains voltage, AC mains current, output DC voltage and output
DC current waveform of AC-DC zeta converter for load perturbation response on
equivalent resistive load (60W to 200W to 60W). (Scale on X-axis 1div=20ms, Yaxis channel-1 1div =150V, channel-2 1div =3A, channel-3 1div= 100V, channel-4
1div= 1.75A)

Single-Phase Zeta AC-DC Converter

TABLE I
Comparisons of Zeta Converter Operation in DCM and CCM
DCM Operation
Quantity

10% Load

100% Load

CCM Operation
10% Load

100% Load

Input Current THD

11%

4.98%

9.2%

1.36%

PF

0.993

0.9975

0.994

0.998

Output Ripple

0.62%

1.99%

0.67%

1.98%

Peak

9.21

4.15

2.92

1.75

Average

0.92

1.01

0.45

0.62

RMS

2.15

1.71

1.04

0.95

Peak

36.90

20.01

14.6

8.73

Average

4.52

3.02

3.24

3.17

RMS

10.45

5.41

5.37

4.57

Normalized Current
of Switch

Normalized Current
of Diode

Control Technique

Voltage Mode Control

Average Current Control

Size of Converter

Small

Large

Circuit Simplicity

Simple

Complex

References

R. W. Erickson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics. New York: Chapman

& Hall, 1997.
A. I. Pressman, Switching Power Supply Design. Second Edition, New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
P. T. Krein, Elements of Power Electronics. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1998.
M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags
and Interruptions. New York: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering,
2000.
D. Boroyevich and S. Hiti, Three-phase PWM converter: Modeling and
Control Design. Seminar 9, IEEE APEC96, 1996.
M. F. Schlecht and B.A Miwa, Active power factor correction for switching
power supplies, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,vol.2, pp.273- 281,
October 1987.
M. Kravitz,Power factor correction circuit for power supplies, U.S.
Patent 4,961,044, Oct. 1990.
J. Sebastian, M. Jaureguizar, and J. Uceda, An overview of power factor
correction in single-phase off-line power supply systems, in Proc. IEEE
IECON94, 1994, pp. 1688 -1693.

R. Redl, I. Balogh, and N.O. Sokal, A new family of single-stage isolated power-factor
correctors with fast regulation of the output voltage, in Proc. IEEE PESC94, 1994, pp.
1137 1144.
J. Sebastian, J. A. Cobos, J.M. Lopera and J. Uceda, The determination of the boundaries
between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes in PWM DC-to-DC converters
used as power factor preregulators, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 10, pp. 574 -582,
Sept. 1995.
A. Zak, Multi-channel single stage high power factor AC to DC converter, U.S. Patent
5,619,404, April 1997.
H. Mao, F. C. Y. Lee, D. Boroyevich, Review of high-performance three-phase powerfactor correction circuits, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, pp. 437-446, August 1997.
G. A. Karvelis, S. N. Manias and G. Kostakis, A comparative evaluation of power
converters used for current harmonics elimination, in IEEE HQP98, 1998, pp. 227-232.
H. Wei and I. Batarseh, Comparison of basic converter topologies for power correction,
in IEEE SOUTHEASTCON98, 1998, pp. 348-353.
C. Qiao and K.M. Smedley, A topology survey of single-stage power factor corrector with
a boost type input-current-shaper, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, pp. 360-368,
May 2001.
L.Huber, J. Zhang, M.M. Jovanovic and F.C. Lee, Generalized topologies of single-stage
input-current-shaping circuits, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, pp. 508-513, July
2001.
F.L. Williamson, Universal input/output power supply with inherent near unity power
factor, U.S. Patent 6,343,021, Jan. 2002.
M. Keller, Design of a 250 Amp telecom rectifier with true three-phase unity power factor
input rectification stage, in Proc. IEEE INTELEC02, 2002, pp. 94- 100.
O. Garca, J. A. Cobos, R. Prieto, P. Alou and J. Uceda, Single Phase Power factor
correction: A survey, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, pp. 749-755, May 2003.