GROUP 2 PRESENTATON

TOPIC
BLOOD

AND
HEMOT
OPOIES
IS

GOUP
Mukhtar Farah
Osman
MEMBERS
Mahamud Omar
Ibrahim
Jimcale Jirde Sh.nuur
Jimcale Ali Haybe
Arafat Sulayman
Jamac
Asma Sh.hassan
Deheye
Maryan Hassan
Madar

BLOOD
BY
Jimcale Jirde
Sh.nuur

Blood cells
what is blood????
Blood (about 5.5L in man): is a specialized
connective tissue which consists of the
cells and fluid that flow in regular
unidirectional movement with in the
closed circulatory system .
blood is propelled mainly by rhythmic
contractions of the heart and is made up
of two parts.

Function of blood
Transports nutrients from the site of absorption
or synthesis .
Transports metabolic residues which are removed
from the blood by excretory organs
Osmotic balance
Participate in regulation of body temperature in
acid and base
Distributing vehicle for hormones ,permit
exchange of chemical massages between distant
organs for normal cellular function.
Defence mechanism of the body

Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes (red blood cells),
which are anucleate , are
packed with the O2-carrying
protein hemoglobin. Under
normal conditions, these
corpuscles never leave the
circulatory system.
Most mammalian erythrocytes
are biconcave disks without
nuclei. The biconcave shape
provides erythrocytes with a
large surface-to-volume ratio,
thus facilitating gas exchange.

Medical application
erthyrocytes
Aneamia decreased

number of erythrocytes in
the blood
Erthyrocytosis increased
number of RBC in blood may
be physiological adaptation
is found in people live at
high attitude where oxygen
tension is low
Macrocytes RBC diameter
greater then 9 micrometer
Microcytes RBC diameter
less then 6 micrometer

Leukocytes
Leukocytes (white blood cells):
protective cells of the body migrate to the
tissues, where they perform multiple
functions and most die by apoptosis.
Perform their function outside circulatory
system.

TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
According to the type of granules in
their cytoplasm and the shape of their
nuclei, leukocytes are divided into two
groups:

granulocytes
(polymorphonucleate)and
agranulocytes are spherical .
agranulocytes (mononuclear
leukocytes).

TYPES OF GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

Neutrophils:s
Develop in the bone marrow.
Constitute 60 to 70% of circulating
leukocytes.
Neutrophils function in phagocytosis of bacteria
( because that they are referred to as
microphages ) .
When neutrophils arrive at their site of action ,
they exocytose the contents of their granules .

Eosinophils
Are much less numerous than neutrophils.
Constituting only 2 to 4% of leukocytes in
normal blood.
Eosinophilia is associated with allergic
reactions.
In tissues they are found in the connective
tissues underlying epithilia of the skin,
bronchi, GIT, uterus, and vagina and
surrounding the parasitic worms.

 Basophils;

Leukocytes divides into

two major groups:

Make up less than 1%

of blood leukocytes
Contain heparin and
histamine.
May supplement the
function of mast cells
in immediate
hypersensitivity
reactions by migrating
into connective tissues.

agranulocytes
Mononuclear leukocytes
Do not have specific granules
Contain azurophlic granules
( lysosomes )
The nucleus round and intended
Two types of agranulocytes are
monocytes and lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes constitute a family of spherical cells with

similar morphological characteristics.

They have diverse functional roles, all related to immune

reactions in defending against invading microorganisms,

foreign macromolecules, and cancer cells .
According to cell size lymphocytes are grouped into
Small lymphocytes
Large lymphocytes
Medium-sized lymphocytes

There are three cell types of

lymphocytes
T

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Null cells
cells are formed in the bone marrow and
migrate to the thymic cortix to become
immuno competent cells.
B cells are formed in and become immuno
competent in the bone marrow .
They will different into plasma cells and B
memory cells .

Null cells
Are morphologically indistinguishable .
They are two types :
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells
and Nk cells.
Nk ( natural killer ) cells belong to the null
cell population.

Monocytes
Monocytes are bone marrow-derived
agranulocytes with diameters varying
from 12 to 20 m. The nucleus is oval,
horseshoe, or kidney shaped and is
generally eccentrically placed. Blood
monocytes are not terminal cells;
rather, they are precursor cells of the
mononuclear phagocyte system . After
crossing venule or capillary walls and
entering connective tissues, monocytes
differentiate into macrophages.

 Function of
lymphocytes
1- Phagocytes of
particulate
matter
2- Assisting
lymphocytes in
their immunologic
activities .

Platelets
Blood platelets are also called
thrombocytes.
They are smallest formed elements of
blood.
Derived from megakaryocyte in the bone
marrow.
Platelets promote blood clotting and help
repair gaps in the walls of blood vessels,
preventing loss of blood.

Cell type

Main product

Main function

Erythrocyte

hemoglobin

CO2 and O2 transport

Leukocyte and
Neutrophils

Specific granules and

modified lysosomes
( azurophlic granules)

Phagocytosis of
bacteria

Eosinophil

Granules
pharmocolagically
active substance

Basophil

Granules contain
histamine and
heparine

Monocyte

Granules with
lysosomal enzyme

Defense against parasitic

helminths; modulation of
inflammatory processes
Release of histamine
and other inflammation
mediators
Generation of
mononuclear-phagocyte
system cells in tissues;
phagocytosis and
digestion of protozoa and
virus and senescent cells

B lymphocyte

immunoglobulin

T lymphocyte

Substance kill cells,

control activity other
leukocyte interleukin

Generation of
antibody-producing
terminal cells (plasma
cells)
Killing of virus-infected
cells

Natural killer cell

Attacks virusinfected cells and

cancer cells without
previous stimulation

Killing of some
tumor and virusinfected cells

platelet

Blood-clotting factors

Clotting of blood

break

Hematopoiesis
by
Asma Sh.hassan
Deheye
WELCOME.

Hematopoiesis
Mature blood cells have a relatively short life span, and

consequently the population must be continuously

replaced with the progeny of stem cells produced in
the hematopoietic.
{blood formation} organs. In the earliest stages of

embryogenesis, blood cells arise from the yolk sac

mesoderm. Sometime later, the liver and spleen serve
as temporary hematopoietic tissues, but by the second
month the clavicle has begun to ossify and begins to
develop bone marrow in its core..

 As the prenatal ossification of the rest of the

skeleton accelerates, the bone marrow becomes
an increasingly important hematopoietic tissue.
After birth and on into childhood, erythrocytes,
granular leukocytes, monocytes, and platelets
are derived from stem cells located in bone
marrow.
The origin and maturation of these cells are
termed, respectively, erythropoiesis ,
granulopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, and
megakaryocytopoiesis.
The bone marrow also produces cells that
migrate to the lymphoid organs, producing the
various types of lymphocytes discussed in .

It is believed that all blood cells arise from a

single type of stem cell in the bone marrow
and it is called a pluripotential stem cell .
These cells proliferate and form two cell
lineage that will be:
-lymphoid cells
-myeloid cells
progenitor cells can divide and produce both
progenitor and precursor cells, precursor
cells produce only mature blood cells

Bone marrow
Bone marrow is found in the medullary canals of
long bones and in the cavities of cancellous bones.
Two types of bone marrow have been described
based on their appearance :
Red bone marrow, whose color is produced by the
presence of blood and blood-forming
cells .
yellow bone marrow, whose color is produced by
the presence of a great number of adipose cells

Red bone marrow is composed of :

Stroma
Hematopoietic cords
Sinusoidal
The stroma is containing hematopoietic
cells and macrophages.
The stroma of bone marrow contains
collagen types I and III, fibronectin,
laminin, and proteoglycans. Laminin,
fibronectin, and another cell-binding
substance, hemonectin
The sinusoids are formed by a discontinuous
layer of endothelial cells.

The release of mature bone cells from the marrow

is controlled by releasing factors produced in
response to the needs of the organism.
The function of red blood marrow
1-the production of blood cells .
2-Destruction of worn-out red blood cells .
3-Storage (in macrophages) of iron derived from
the breakdown of hemoglobin.

differentiation
The differentiation and maturation of
erythrocytes involve the formation of :
1-proerythroblasts
2- basophilic erythroblasts
3- polychromatophilic erythroblasts
4- Orthochromatophilic erythroblasts
(normoblasts)
5- Reticulocytes
6- Erythrocytes.

Maturation of granulocytes
The differentiation and maturation of
Granulocytes involve the formation of :
1- myeloblast
2- promyelocyte
3- myelocytes of neutrophilis , basophilis ,
or eosin philis .

myeloblast
Is the most immature recognizable cell in the myeloid
series .
It has a finely dispersed chromatin, and nucleoli can be
seen

Promyelocyte
is characterized by its Basophilic cytoplasm and
Azurophilic granules..
The promyelocyte gives rise to the three known types of
granulocyte

myelocytes
The first sign of differentiation appears
in the myelocytes, in which specific
granules gradually increase in quantity and
eventually occupy most of the cytoplasm.
These neutrophilic , basophilic, and
eosinophilic myelocytes mature with
further condensation of the nucleus and a
considerable increase in their specific
granule content.

Leukopoiesis

Maturation of lymphocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes are
distinguished mainly on the basis of
size, chromatin structure, and the
presence of nucleoli .
As lymphocyte cells mature, their
chromatin becomes more compact,
nucleoli become less visible, and the
cells decrease in size .

Some of these lymphocytes migrate to the

thymus, where they acquire the full
attributes of T lymphocytes.
The others lymphocytes differentiate into
B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and
then migrate to peripheral lymphoid
organs, where they inhabit and multiply
in their own special compartments.

Differentiation of
lymphocytes
The first identifiable progenitor of lymphoid cells is
the lymphoblast, a large cell capable of dividing to
two or three times to form prolymphocytes.
Prolymphocytes are smaller and have relatively more
condensed chromatin but none of the cell-surface
antigens that mark prolymphocytes as T or B
lymphocytes.
In the bone marrow and in the thymus, these cells
synthesize cell-surface receptors characteristic of
their lineage

monocytes
The monoblast is a committed progenitor cell
that is almost identical to the myeloblast
in its morphological characteristics. Further
differentiation leads to the promonocyte
Promonocytes divide twice in the course of
their development into monocytes

Mature
monocytes enter
the bloodstream,
circulate for
about 8 h, and
then enter the
connective
tissues, where
they mature into
macrophages and
function for
several months.

Mature
monocytes enter
the
bloodstream,
circulate for
about 8 h, and
then enter the
connective
tissues, where
they mature into
macrophages and
function for
several months.

platelets
In adults, platelets
originate in the red
bone marrow by
fragmentation of the
cytoplasm of mature
megakaryocytes,
which, in turn, arise by
differentiation of
megakaryoblasts