SEDIMENT

TRANSPORT

ANALISA TRANSPORTASI
SEDIMEN SALURAN TERBUKA

KONSEP DASAR HIDROLIKA

SALURAN TERBUKA
1. Kerapatan (density), (kg/m3)
2. Berat spesifik, =g (N/m3)
3. Viskositas, (kg-s/m2), (m2/s)
4. Debit, Q (m3/s)
5. Luas penampang basah, A (m2)
6. Kecepatan rerata, V (m/s)
7. Keliling basah, P (m)
8. Jari-jari hidrolik, R (m)
9. Kedalaman hidrolik, D (m)
10.Kemiringan muka air, Sw
11.....

KONSEP DASAR HIDROLIKA

SALURAN TERBUKA
11.Kemiringan garis energi, Sf
12.Kemiringan dasar, So
13.Tegangan geser, o = RSo (N/m2),
14.Kecepatan geser, U* = (o /)0,5 (m/s) =
(gRSo)0,5
15.Bilangan Reynolds, Re
16.Bilangan Froude, Fr
17.Kekasaran relatif, k/R
18.Parameter sedimen, G
19.Bilangan Reynolds partikel
20.Indeks mobilitas, U*/w

TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL

FLOW
1. Steady flow
1) Uniform flow
2) Varied flow
a) Gradually varied flow
b) Rapidly varied flow

2. Unsteady flow
1) Unsteady, uniform flow
2) Unsteady flow
a) Gradually varied, unsteady flow
b) Rapidly varied, unsteady flow

REGIMES OF FLOW
Supercritical Supercritical Supercritical
Laminer
Transitional
Turbulent
Region
Region
Region
Subcritical Subcritical Subcritical
Laminer
Transitional
Turbulent
Region
Region
Region
500

q
3
hc
g

100
0

3
hc H c
2

150
0

200
0

250
0

2
Hc
3

q max g

hmin

2 q2
3
3 g

DISTRIBUSI KECEPATAN
Hidrolik halus (a<</7)
Vz

z a 30

V*

h
z

1 1,6

zb

V*

5
V*

11,6 11,6

u*
o

zo

104 z

42h
V 5,75.V* . log

Vz 5,75.V* . log

(a)
a

(b)

Hidrolik kasar (a>>/7)

Vz 5,75.V* . log
Garis distribusi kecepatan di dekat
dasar (a), kekasaran dasar (b)

V 5,75.V* . log

33 z
k

12h
k

INCIPIENT MOTION

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
Lanes
balance

QS

Q
D
s
Q
= water 50
S
Qs
D50

discharge
= slope
= bed
material load
= median
size of the bed
material

When a stream is in dynamic equilibrium, it has adjusted

these four variables such that the sediment transported into
the reach is also transported out, without aggradation or
degradation
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CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENT
LOAD
Measurement
method

Transport
mechanism

Sediment
source

Unmeasured
load

Bed load

Bed material
load

Measured load

Suspended load

Wash load

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Sediment Transport
Considerations
For large river flood events (~100-year)
the effect of scour/deposition on the
maximum water surface is negligible
For small flood events ~ 2 yr to 10 yr or
alluvial fan flooding - avulsion,
blockage, conveyance loss associated
with scour/deposition is important

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Sediment Transport
Uncoupled sediment transport
FLO-2D calculates flow hydraulics, then
estimates sediment transport.
The sediment is non-uniformly distributed on
the channel cross section. Uniformly on
floodplain.
Assumes changes in channel geometry or
floodplain topography for a given time step
are relatively small and do not significantly
effect the flow hydraulics.
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Sediment Transport
Concepts
Storage (scour/deposition) for a
channel or floodplain element =
Sediment supply in sediment
transport capacity out
Generally 5 or more time steps (1-10
seconds) are required to change the bed
elevation by 0.10 ft
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SEDIMENT TRANSPORT APPROACH

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Regime Approach
Regression Approach
Probabilistic Approach
Deterministic Approach
Stream Power Approach
1) Bagnold's Approach
2) Engelund and Hansen's Approach
3) Ackers and White's Approach

6. Unit Stream Power Approach

7. Power Balance Approach
8. Gravitational Power Approach
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COMMONLY USED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

EQUATIONS
1. Zeller-Fullerton
2. Yang
3. Engelund & Hansen
4. Ackers & White
5. Schoklitsch Bedload
6. Kalinske Bedload
7. Meyer-Peter and Miiller
8. Einstein Bedload
9. Laursen Bed-Material Load
10. Colby Bed-Material Load
11.Einstein Bed-Material
Load
12. Toffaleti
13. Karim-Kennedy

NOTE:
Each formula was
based on unique river
conditions. Research
equation applicability
to each project.

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Sediment Transport
1.Equations
Zeller-Fullerton: Multiple regression
sediment transport equation for a range of
channel bed and alluvial floodplain
conditions.
A computer generated solution of the
Meyer-Peter, Muller bed-load
equation combined with Einsteins
suspended load to generate a bed
material load
Assumes all sediment sizes are available
for transport (no armoring). The original
Einstein method is assumed to work best
when the bed-load constitutes a significant
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Zeller-Fullerton (1983):
The bed material discharge, qs, is calculated in cfs per
unit width as follows:

qs= 0.0064 n1.77V4.32G0.45d0.30D500.61

where n is Manning's roughness coefficient, V is mean
velocity, G is the gradation coefficient, d is the hydraulic
depth and D50 is the median sediment diameter

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Sediment Transport
2.Equations
Yangs: Total sediment concentration is a
function of the potential energy dissipation per
unit weight of water (stream power ~ f(velocity
and slope))
Sediment concentration is a series of
dimensionless regression relationships.
Based on field & flume data with sediment
particles ranging from 0.137 mm to 1.71 mm
and flows depths from 0.037 ft to 49.9 ft.
Mostly limited to medium to coarse sands and
flow depths less than 3 ft
Can be applied to sand and gravel
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Sediment Transport
3. Equations
Engelund-Hansen Method: Bagnolds
stream power concept was applied with
the similarity principle to derive a
sediment transport function.
Uses energy slope, velocity, bed shear
stress, median particle diameter,
specific weight of sediment and water,
and gravitational acceleration
Can be used in both dune bed forms
and upper regime (plane bed) D50 >
0.15 mm
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Sediment Transport
4. Equations

Ackers-White Method: Expressed

sediment transport based on Bagnolds
stream power concept. Only a portion of the
bed shear stress is effective in moving
coarse sediment. The total bed shear stress
contributes to the suspended fine sediment
transport.
Dimensionless parameters include a
mobility number, representative sediment
number and sediment transport function.
The various coefficients were determined
from laboratory data for Di > 0.04 mm and
Froude numbers < 0.8. The condition for
coarse sediment incipient motion agrees
well with Sheilds criteria. The Ackers-

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Sediment Transport
5. Equations

Laursens Transport Function: Had good

agreement with field data from small rivers.
For larger rivers the correlation between
measured data and predicted sediment
transport was poor (Graf, 1971).
Involves relationship between the flow
hydraulics and sediment discharge. The
bed shear stress arises from the ManningStrickler formula. Based on flume data for
< Di 0.2 mm.
Expresses the effectiveness of the
turbulence in mixing suspended
sediments. The critical tractive force in
the sediment concentration equation is

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Sediment Transport
6. Equations

Toffaleti: Procedure to calculate the total sediment load

by estimating the unmeasured load.
Following the Einstein approach, the bed material load

= sum of the bedload discharge and the suspended

load in three separate zones.
Bedload concentration from his empirical equation for

the lower-zone suspended load discharge and then

computed the bedload.
Simons and Senturk (1976) reported that Toffaletis eqn

compared well with 339 river and 282 laboratory data

sets.
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Sediment Transport
7.
Equations
MPM-Woo Relationship: For steep sloped, sand bed
channels. Woo et al. equation (1988) to account for the
variation in fluid properties due to high sediment
concentration. Mussetter, et al. (1994) linked Woos
relationship with the Meyer-Peter-Mueller bed-load
equation.
Multiple regression relationship computes the bed
material load as a function of velocity, depth, slope,
sediment size and Cvf Applicable for velocities < 20 fps
(6 mps), a bed slope < 0.04, a D50 < 4.0 mm, and a C vf
< 60,000 ppm.
Estimates high bed material load in channels for which
the other sediment transport equations are not
applicable.

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Sediment Transport
8. Equations
MPM-Smart Relationship: For steep channels
ranging from 3% to 20%. Smart (1984) modified the
MPM equation (1988) to account for deficiencies in
roughness values in steep channels.
Used for sediment sizes greater than 0.4 mm.
Modified to account for the affects of nonuniform
sediment distributions.
Will generate sediment transport rates that
approach those of Englund-Hansen on steep
slopes.
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Sediment Transport
9. Equations

Karim-Kennedy: Fsimplified Karim-Kennedy

equation (F. Karim, 1998). Nonlinear multiple
regression relationship based on velocity, bed
form, sediment size, and friction factor for a
large data set. Use for large rivers with nonuniform sand/gravel conditions.
Sediment sizes 0.08 mm to 0.4 mm (river)
and 0.18 mm to 29 mm (flume) and up to
50,000 ppm concentration.
Slope range 0.0008 to 0.0243.
Will yield similar results to Laursens and
Toffaletis equations.
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CONTOH HASIL PERHITUNGAN DG

BERBAGAI PERSAMAAN ANGKIUTAN
SEDIMEN
MAXIMUM SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CAPACITY (CFS OR CMS) FOR GRID ELEMENT: 1961
(1 OF 8 DIRECTIONS FOR FLOODPLAIN FLOW):
TIME(HRS)
WOO

ZELLER-

YANG

FULLERTON

0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70

0.000
0.000
0.041
0.172
0.328
0.548
0.599

ENGLUNDHANSEN

0.000
0.000
0.261
1.565
2.495
4.086
4.319

0.000
0.000
0.186
0.970
1.904
3.439
3.781

ACKERS-

LAURSEN

TOFFALETI

MPM-

WHITE

0.000
0.000
0.283
2.567
5.952
12.569
14.099

0.000
0.000
0.083
0.569
0.953
1.471
1.563

0.000
0.000
0.071
0.246
0.385
0.725
0.638

0.000
0.000
1.292
2.820
4.458
6.447
7.510

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Sediment Routing by Size

Fraction
Sediment Diameter (mm)
Percent Finer
0.074
0.058
0.149
0.099
0.297
0.156
0.590
0.230
1.19
0.336
2.38
0.492
4.76
0.693
9.53
0.808
19.05
0.913
38.10
1.000

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Bed Armoring
The armoring process occurs when the upper bed
layers become coarser as the finer sediment is
transported out of the bed. An armor layer occurs
when coarse sediment covers the bed and protects
the finer sediment below.

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Bed Armoring
The FLO-2D model tracks the sediment
size distribution and volumes in an
exchange layer.
Exchange layer - three times the D90 grain
size of the bed material (Yang, 1996).
When the exchange layer is reduced to
33% of the original volume, it is
replenished from the initial bed material.
Potential armoring is automatically
assessed if sediment routing by size
fractions is invoked. No switches.
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Bed Armoring
The potential armor layer is evaluated
on a time-step basis for each channel
element by assessing the volume of
each size fraction in the exchange layer.

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Sediment Scour and

Deposition
For each time step, the sediment transport
capacity is compared to the sediment
inflow/outflow in a floodplain or channel
element.
The sediment deposition/scour then effects
the hydraulics for the next time steps in
terms of slope changesmoderating effect.

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Hjulstrom (1935)

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PENDEKATAN TEGANGAN
GESER
Diagram Shields

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PENDEKATAN TEGANGAN
GESER
US
Bureau of
Reclamat
Critical
ion
shear
stress as a
function
of grain
diameter
(after
Lane,
1953)

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Shear Velocity
Bottom shear

u* = shear velocity =
From force balance

u* = gRh S f
turbulent
Shear velocity is related
to _________ velocity

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Application of Shields Diagram

Find minimum particle size that will be at rest
Often bed is turbulent
0,056

1650 kg/m 3 quartz sediment

Example : 1 m deep, S = 10-4

Therefore 2,8 mm diameter sand will be at rest.
Result is armoring of river bed with large gravel as
smaller sediment is flushed out.
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PENDEKATAN KECEPATAN
Hjulstrom (1935)

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ANGLE OF REPOSE

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BED LOAD TRANSPORT

Shields equation (shear stress
approach):
o c
qb S
o c
qb

qS

10

gd

qS

10

in which:
qb = bed load per unit width (m2/s)

q = unit discharge (m2/s)

= (s- )/ (0,06 < < 3,2)
d = representative particle diameter (1,56 mm
<d< 2,47 mm)
S = bed slope
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BED LOAD TRANSPORT

Kalinske equation (shear stress
2
approach):
2
U
q
*

10
U* d
gd
b

in which:
gb = bed load per unit width (m2/s)
= (s- )/
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Not be good for high transport rate
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BED LOAD TRANSPORT

Schoklitsch equation (discharge
approach):
q 2.500S q q
3
2

qcr

cr

0,20

5
3

3
2

7
6

in which:
gb = bed load per unit width (kg/m.s)
q = unit discharge (m3/m.s)
qcr = unit discharge at threoshold condition
(m3/m.s)
= (s- )/
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BED LOAD TRANSPORT

Meyer-Peter-Mueller equation
(energy slope approach):
RS

qb 8 gd
0,047
d

3
2

in which:
qb = bed load per unit width

Cchannel

grain

3
2

12R
C 10log

R = hydraulic radius
S = bed slope
= dependent on bedform
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THE POTENTIAL RATE OF BED-LOAD

TRANSPORT
Bed-load transport rate
as a function of stream
power under conditions
in gravel-bed rivers
that do not appear to
be moderated by
either sediment supply
or availability (filled
symbols) and flumes
(open symbols) and
selected levels of
percent bed-load
transport efficiency
(solid lines). Values in
parentheses are : DD 50
in each river or flume.
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BANKFULL DISCHARGE
Based on both theoretical and empirical
arguments, bankfull discharge is generally
recognized as being the moderate flow
that best fits Wolman and Millers (1960)
dominant discharge concept for rivers in
dynamic equilibrium.
Leopold et. al. (1964) proposed that the
bankfull discharge was responsible for
stream maintenance and form, and,
therefore, implied that it is equivalent to
the channel-forming discharge.

How to determine a bankfull discharge?

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BANKFULL DISCHARGE
Recommended frequencies for Bankfull discharge
(After Soar, 2000)
Discharge
Recommended by
frequency
1 to 5 years
Wolman and Leopold (1957)
1.5 year
Leopold et. al. (1964), Leopold
(1994)
1.58 year
Dury (1973, 1976), Riley (1976)
1.02 to 2.69
Woodyer (1968)
years
1.01 to 32 years Williams (1978)
1.18 to 3.26
Andrews (1980)
years
1 to 10 years
USACE (1994)

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EFFECTIVE DISCHARGE
The effective discharge is defined as the
increament of discharge that transport the
largest fraction of the annual sediment
load over a period of years (Andrews,
1980)
The basic data required for calculation of
effective discharge are: 1) flow-duration
data, and 2) sediment transport as a
function of stream discharge
The effective discharge is then determined
by developing a sediment-rating curve
that relates the sediment transport and

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