Static Routing

Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 2

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

Objectives

Define the general role a router plays in networks.

Describe the directly connected networks, different

router interfaces

Examine directly connected networks in the routing

table and use the CDP protocol

Describe static routes with exit interfaces

Describe summary and default route

Examine how packets get forwarded when using static

routes

Identify how to manage and troubleshoot static routes

Context Index
2.1 Router and Network
2.2 Router Configuration Review
2.3 Exploring Directly Connected Networks
2.4 Static Route with Next Hop Address
2.5 Static Routes with Exit Interfaces
2.6 Summary and Default Static Routes
2.7 Managing and Troubleshooting Static Routes
2.8 Static Route Configuration Labs

2.1 Router and

Network

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

2.1.1 Role of the Router

Functions of a Router

Best Path Selections

Forwarding packets to destination

2.1.2 Introducing the Topology

Introducing the Topology

3 routers connected via WAN links

Each router connected to a LAN represented by a switch and a PC

2.1.3 Examining the connection of the Router

Connections of a Router for WAN
-A router has a DB-60 port that can support 5 different cabling
standards

Connections of a Router for Ethernet

-2 types of connectors can be used: Straight through and

Cross-over
Straight through used to connect:
-Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Hub-to-PC, Hubto-Server
Cross-over used to connect:
-Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub, Hubto-Hub, Router-to-Router , Router-to-Server

2.1.3 Examining the connection of the Router

2.2 Router
Configuration Review

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

2.2.1 Examining Router Interfaces

Examining Router Interfaces
-Show ip route command used to view routing table

-Show Interfaces command used to show status of an

interface
-Show ip Interface brief command used to show a portion of
the interface information
-Show running-config command used to show configuration
file in RAM

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2.2.1 Examining Router Interfaces

shutdown

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2.2.2 Configuring an Ethernet Interface

Unsolicited Messages from IOS

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2.2.2 Configuring an Ethernet Interface

Reading the Routing Table

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2.2.3 Verifying Ethernet interface

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2.2.3 Verifying Ethernet interface

Ethernet interfaces participate in ARP

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2.2.4 Configuring a Serial Interface

Configuring a Serial interface
-Enter interface configuration mode
-Enter in the ip address and subnet mask
-Enter in the no shutdown command

Example:
R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# no shutdown

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Physically connecting a WAN Interface

A WAN Physical Layer connection has sides:
Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) This is the service provider.
CSU/DSU is a DCE device.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Typically the router is the DTE device.

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2.2.5 Examining Router Interfaces

Configuring serial links in a lab environment
One side of a serial connection must be considered a DCE
This requires placing a clocking signal use the clock rate
command.
Example:
R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)# clockrate 64000

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2.2.5 Examining Router Interfaces

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2.3 Exploring Directly

Connected Networks

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

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2.3.1 Verifying Changes the Routing Table

Routing Table Concepts
show ip route command reveals the content of the routing table.

Why only have one

Connected Route?

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2.3.1 Verifying Changes the Routing Table

Observing Routes as They are Added to the Routing Table.

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2.3.1 Verifying Changes the Routing Table

Remove a Connected Route from Routing Table
Disable debug ip routing by using either the undebug ip routing
command or the undebug all command.

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2.3.2 Devices on Directly Connected Networks

When a router only has its interfaces configured & no other routing protocols
are configured then:
-The routing table contains only the directly connected networks
-Only devices on the directly connected networks are reachable

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2.3.2 Devices on Directly Connected Networks

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2.3.2 Devices on Directly Connected Networks

Pings are discarded

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2.3.3 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

Purpose of CDP
A layer 2 Cisco proprietary tool used to gather information
about other directly connected Cisco devices.

Concept of neighbors
2 types of neighbors
Layer 3 neighbors
Layer 2 neighbors (CDP operates at Layer 2 only)

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2.3.3 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

CDP Operation ( 60s 180s)
CDP show commands
Show cdp neighbors
Displays the following information:
Neighbor device ID
Local interface
Holdtime value, in seconds
Neighbor device capability code
Neighbor hardware platform
Neighbor remote port ID
Show cdp neighbors detail
-Useful in determining if an IP address configuration error

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2.3.4 Using CDP for Network Discovery

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2.4 Static Route with

Next Hop Address

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

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2.4.1 Purpose and Command Syntax of ip route

Purpose of ip route
A manually configured route used when routing from a network to a
stub network

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2.4.1 Purpose and Command Syntax of ip route

IP route command
To configure a static route use the following command: ip route
Example:

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2.4.2 Configuring Static Route

Installing a Static Route in the Routing Table

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2.4.2 Configuring Static Route

Configuring routes to 2 or more remote networks
R1(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
R1(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2

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2.4.3 Routing Table Principles and Static route

3 Routing principles

Ping
PC1 to 172.16.2.1
PC1 to 172.16.2.2
PC1 to PC2
PC3 to PC2

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2.4.3 Routing Table Principles and Static route

Finish the configuration

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2.4.4 Recursive Route Lookup

Resolving to an Exit Interface

The router first must match static routes destination IP address

with the Next hop address

The next hop address is then matched to an exit interface

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2.4.4 Recursive Route Lookup

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2.4.4 Recursive Route Lookup

Exit Interface is Down

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2.5 Static Routes with

Exit Interfaces

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

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2.5.1 Static Route and an Exit Interface

Configuring a Static route with an Exit Interface ( )

single search instead of 2 searches.

serial point-to-point networks.

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2.5.2 Modifying Static routes

Modifying Static routes
Existing static routes cannot be modified. The old static route must be
deleted by placing no in front of the ip route
Example:
no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration

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2.5.3 Verifying the Static Route Configuration

Try it

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2.5.4 Static routes and Ethernet exit interfaces

ARP

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2.6 Summary and

Default Static Routes

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

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2.6.1 Summary Static Route

Summarizing routes reduces the size of the routing table.
Route summarization is the process of combining a number of static
routes into a single static route.

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2.6.1 Summary Static Route

Configuring a summary static route
Step 1: Delete the current static route
Step 2: Configure the summary static route
Step 3: Verify the new static route

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2.6.2 Default Static Route

Default Static Route
This is a route that will match all packets.
Stub routers that have a number of static routes all exiting the
same interface are good candidates for a default route.

Configuring a default static route

Example:
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-interface | ipaddress ]

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2.6.2 Default Static Route

Default static routes and subnet masks
Since the subnet mask used on a default static route is 0.0.0.0 all packets will
match.

R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0

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Verifying a Default Static Route

Before

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2.7 Managing and

Troubleshooting Static
Routes

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

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2.7.1 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

The following is an example of the packet forwarding process with static
routes. As you can see in the animation, PC1 is sending a packet to PC3:
1. The packet arrives on the FastEthernet 0/0 interface of R1.
2. R1 does not have a specific route to the destination network, 192.168.2.0/24; therefore, R1
uses the default static route.
3. R1 encapsulates the packet in a new frame. Because the link to R2 is a point-to-point link,
R1 adds an "all 1s" address for the Layer 2 destination address.
4. The frame is forwarded out the serial 0/0/0 interface. The packet arrives on the Serial 0/0/0
interface on R2.

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2.7.1 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

The following is an example of the packet forwarding process with static
routes. As you can see in the animation, PC1 is sending a packet to PC3:
5. R2 decapsulates the frame and looks for a route to the destination. R2 has a static route to
192.168.2.0/24 out Serial0/0/1.
6. R2 encapsulates the packet in a new frame. Because the link to R3 is a point-to-point link,
R2 adds an "all 1s" address for the Layer 2 destination address.
7. The frame is forwarded out the Serial0/0/1 interface. The packet arrives on the Serial0/0/1
interface on R3.
8. R3 decapsulates the frame and looks for a route to the destination. R3 has a connected
route to 192.168.2.0/24 out FastEthernet 0/1.

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2.7.1 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

The following is an example of the packet forwarding process with static routes. As
you can see in the animation, PC1 is sending a packet to PC3:
9. R3 looks up the ARP table entry for 192.168.2.10 to find the Layer 2 MAC address for
PC3.
a. If no entry exists, R3 sends an ARP request out FastEthernet 0/0.
b. PC3 responds with an ARP reply which includes the PC3 MAC address.
10. R3 encapsulates the packet in a new frame with the MAC address of interface
FastEthernet 0/0 as the source Layer 2 address and the MAC address of PC3 as the
destination MAC address.
11. The frame is forwarded out the FastEthernet 0/0 interface. The packet arrives on the
NIC interface of PC3.

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2.7.2 Troubleshooting a Missing Route

Tools that can be used to isolate routing problems
include:
-Ping tests end to end connectivity
-Traceroute used to discover all of the hops (routers)
along the path between 2 points
-Show ip route used to display routing table & ascertain
forwarding process
-Show ip interface brief used to show status of router
interfaces
-Show cdp neighbors detail used to gather configuration
information about directly connected neighbors

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2.7.3 Solving a Missing Route

Finding a missing or mis-configured route requires
methodically using the correct tools.
-Start with PING. If ping fails then use traceroute to determine
where packets are failing to arrive

Issue: show ip route to examine routing table.

-If there is a problem with a mis-configured static route remove
the static route then reconfigure the new static route

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2.7.3 Solving a Missing Route

R2(config)# no ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 serial0/0/1

R2(config)# ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

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2.8 Static Route

Configuration Labs

Presentation_ID

Cisco Confidential

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Summary
Routers
-Operate at layer 3
-Functions include best path selection & forwarding packets

Connecting Networks
WANs
Serial cables are connected to router serial ports.
In the lab environment clock rates must be configured for
DCE
LANs
Straight through cables or cross over cables are used to
connect to fastethernet port. (The type of cable used
depends on what devices are being connected)

Cisco Discovery Protocol

A layer 2 proprietary protocol
Used to discover information about directly connected Cisco devices

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Summary
Static Routes
-This is a manually configured path that specifies how the router will get
to a certain point using a certain path.

Summary static routes

-This is several static routes that have been condensed into a single
static route.

Default route
-It is the route packets use if there is no other possible match for their
destination in the routing table.

Forwarding of packets when static route are used

-Zinins 3 routing principles describe how packets are forwarded

Troubleshooting static routes may require some of the following

commands:
-Ping
-Traceroute
-Show IP route
-Show ip interface brief
-Show cdp neighbors detail

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