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KELOMPOK 9
NAMA :
IRWAN
TENI NUR AZIZAH
EMBAR SANUBARI
ALFIAN PAMUNGKAS
TIARA SHANIE
CLAUDIA MILA E.M
EGA TRI MARSHELIA

Extensive Game with

Imperfect Information

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Definisi Bridge
The card game bridge is a good example of an imperfect
information game. Bridge is played by four
players organized into two teams, traditionally labeled
North/South versus East/West.
Equipment:
deck of 52 playing cards
Phases of the game
1. dealing the cards
distribute them equally among the four players
2. bidding
negotiation to determine what suit is trump
3. playing the cards

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RULE OF BRIDGE
playing the cards
Declarer:

the person who chose the trump suit

Dummy:
The declarers partner
The dummy turns his/her cards face up
The declarer plays both his/her cards and the
dummys cards
Trick:
The basic unit of play
One player leads a card
The other players must follow suit if possible
The trick is won by the highest card of the suit that was led,unless
someone plays a trump
Keep playing tricks until all cards have been played
Scoring is based on how many tricks were bid and how many were taken

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Imperfect information in bridge:

Dont know what cards the others have
(except the dummy)
Many possible card distributions, so many
possible moves
If we encode the additional moves as
additional branches in the game tree, this
increases the branching factor b

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Number
of nodes is exponential in b
Worst case: about leaf nodes
Average case: about leaf nodes
A bridge game takes about 1. minutes
Not enough time to search the tree

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1
K

7
2

2
A

10

10

(-1,1) (-1,1) (-1,1)

10

(-1,1) (1,-1)

(1,-1)

(1,-1)

8
(1,-1)

10
(-1,1)

8
(-1,1)

10
(-1,1)

10

8
(-1,1)

10
(-1,1)

10

(-1,1)

(-1,1)

(1,-1)

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7
5
4
8

7
5
4
10

7
5
J
8

7
5
J
10

7
A
4
8

7
A
4
10

7
A
J
8

7
A
J
10

K
5
4
8

K
5
4
10

K
5
J
8

K
5
J
10

K
A
4
8

K
A
4
10

K
A
J
8

K
A
J
10

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SUMBER :
1. Games with Imperfect Information
Jean R. S. Blair, David Mutchler, and Cheng Liu
Department of Computer Science
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996-1301
{blair, mut chler, cl iu}~cs, utk. Edu
2. Introduction to Game Theory
6. Imperfect-Information Games
Dana Nau
University of Maryland

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Terimakasih