ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS

SUBMITTED BY:
KAUMOODI
VIDHIKA
LIPI
ASTHA
SAUMYA S.
KRITIKA
PRANJUA
SMRITI
1

CONTENTS
HISTORY
DRILLING & BLASTING

USES
2. TYPES
3. LIMITATIONS
1.

TUNNELLING
RIVETING & BOLTING
WELDING MACHINES
1.
2.
3.
4.

ARC WELDERS
MIG WELDERS
PLASMA WELDERS
SAFETY MEASURES

FLOORING HAND TOOLS

1. ELECTRIC TILE CUTTER
2. FLOOR POLISHER
3. PNEUMATIC FLOORS NAILERS & STAPLERS

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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

USES
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
TYPES
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED

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95: The Year the Power Tool Was Born

In 1895, 16 years after Thomas Edison invented the
incandescent electric lamp, the German engineering
company C&E Fein combined the power of an
electric motor with a manual drill to develop the
worlds very first power tool.
The heavy drill, which weighed 16.5 pounds, was
powered by a large but relatively weak DC electric
motor that didnt turn very fast. To use the drill, the
operator had to use both hands, grab it by two
handles opposite the motor and lean against a
chest plate at the back of the drill to help press it
into the work surface. The worlds first power tool
may seem unwieldy and unproductive by modern
standards, but it was another 20 years before
someone improved upon the design.

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INTRODUCTION
Drilling - Before rock is excavated, it is
Necessary to loosen it. In the case of hard rocks
this loosening is done by drilling the holes, filling
these with explosives and discharging the
explosives.
COMPONENTS-

Drill- Type of tool which holds

the drill bit and rotates it to
provide axial force to create a
hole.
Drill bits- Cutting tools used
to create cylindrical holes.
SELECTION OF DRILLING METHOD

Hardness of the rock.

Depth of Bore holes.
Nature of terrain.
Texture of rock.
Availability of water.
Size of project.
SOURCE:http://en.m.wikipedia.org

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LIST OF TOOLS USED

IN DRILLING AND
BLASTING

Jack hammer
Piston driller
Wagon mounted drill
Diamond drill
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TYPES OF DRILLS :

Diamond drills- Rotary drill whose bit

Jack Hammers-

A jackhammer is an
electromechanical tool that
combines a hammer directly
with a chisel.
It operates by driving an
internal hammer up and
down.
The effectiveness is
dependent on how much
force is applied to the tool.
USES
A jackhammer is used for
the follwing :
drillrock,
break uppavement
Drill walls
Underground coal
mines for safety
concerns

LIMITATION
The sound of the hammer
blows, combined with the
explosive air exhaust, makes
pneumatic jackhammers
dangerously loud, emitting
100decibelsat
two meters.
SOURCE:www.brightthuengineering.com

ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS

consists of metal matrix consisting a large

number of diamonds disintegrating the rock
while rotating

Wagon Drills USES

A diamond drill is used for
the following:
Mining hard rock and
hard ground.
Drilling walls, marble,
stone, granite, etc.
For cutting or making
holes in glass.

LIMITATION

Wagon drills consist of

drifters mounted on masts

which are mounted on wheels
to provide portability. Up to
30 ft or more in depth.
They may be used to drill at

any angle from down to

slightly above horizontal.

Piston drills

Drill rod is securely

fastened to the piston
and travels the full
length of the piston
stroke.

Diamond drilling is much

slower than reverse
circulation (RC) drilling due to
the hardness of the ground
being drilled.
Drilling of 1200 to 1800
metres is common and at
these depths, ground is
mainly hard rock.
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Diamond rigs need to drill
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Rock blastingis the controlled

use ofexplosivesand other
methods such as gas pressure
blasting pyrotechnics or plasma
processes, to excavate, break
down or removerock.

Explosive used for blastin

TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES-

Explosives based on chemical nature

Explosives based on availability

PRECAUTION IN BLASTING

Failure of explosion
Line of Least Resistance
Needle and tamper
Notice of blasting
Retreat distance
Seepage of water
Skilled supervision
Precautions during transportation
Precautions during firing

TOOLS FOR BLASTING

1.Dipper
2.Jumper
3.Priming needle 4.Scraping spoon
5.Tamping bar

ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS

Dynamite
Ammonium nitrate
Sturry
ANFO
Rapid detonating
explosive (RDX)

PROCEDURE

Holes are drilled into

the rock, which are
then filled with
explosives.
The blast holes are
made and cleaned by
using the tools.
The charge of explosive
placed at the bottom.
Remaining portion is
filled with clay and
tamped.
Fuse is inserted, kept
projecting 15-20 cm
above the rock surface.
Thereafter free end of
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fuse is fired by
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detonator.

WHAT IS TUNNELLING
A tunnel is an underground

or underwater passageway,
dug through the surrounding
soil/earth/rock and enclosed
except for entrance and
exit, commonly at each end.
A pipeline is not a tunnel,
though some recent tunnels
have used immersed tube
construction techniques
rather than traditional
tunnel boring methods.

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Why Shafts and Tunnels ?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Transportation of People
Conveyance of Materials
Utility Corridors
Disposal of Waste
Military Defence.

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HISTORY OF TUNNELLING

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PROCESS OF TUNNELLING

MUCKING is clearing

and loading broken

rock and other
excavated materials,
as in tunnel
SHOTCRET is a

concrete mixture
sprayed from special
guns over steel
reinforcements in
light constructions.
ROCK BOLT is a long

ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS

anchor bolt, for

stabilizing rock
excavations, which
may be used in
tunnels or rock cuts. It
transfers load from
the unstable exterior,
to the confined (and
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the rock

Rules of Thumb
1. Minimum ground cover over crown

of tunnel ~ 1 diameter
2. Minimum Separation of bored twin
tunnels ~ diameter
3. Minimum radius of horizontal
curvature ~ 15 diameters
4. Maximum vertical grade ~ 10%
5. Maximum external water pressure
on a TBM ~ 7 bar (100psi)

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TYPES OF EXCAVATION
METHOD
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
TUNNEL BORING MACHINES (T.B.M.)

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CONVENTIONAL METHOD
It means the construction of underground openings of any shape with a cyclical
construction process comprising:
Excavation, using drilling and blasting or any mechanical excavators other

than TBMs.
Mucking
Placement primary support elements such as steel ribs or lattice girders,

meshes, soil or rock bolts etc.

ADVANTAGES
Appropriate for difficult rock with highly variable rock conditions.
Projects with highly variable shapes of cross section.
Projects with higher risk of water inflow under high pressure.
Projects with difficult access.
Short tunnels.

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Tunnel Boring Machine

(T.B.M.)
Tunnelling by TBM is used for the excavation of
underground openings of normally circular shape
under many types of geological conditions, varying
from hard rock to soft sedimentary layers.
Procedures commonly used for TBM tunnelling are:
Excavation with a rotating cutter wheel in a
cyclical or continuous drilling process.
Mucking with a mechanical discharging device
Placements of primary ground supports such as
concrete segments, meshes, soil or rock bolts,
steel ribs etc.

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CUT AND COVER METHOD

Cut-and-cover. Cut-and-cover is a

simple method of construction for shallow

tunnels where a trench is excavated and
roofed over with an overhead support
system strong enough to carry the load of
what is to be built above the tunnel.

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Riveted Connections

Used for very long time.

Made up of:

Round Ductile steel bar called shank.

A head at one end
The length of the rivet should sufficient to form the second head.
Design - very similar to bearing type of

bolted connection.
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Installation
Heating of the rivet
Inserting it to an oversize hole pressure to the head.
Squeezing the plain End by Pneumatic driver Round head.
On Cooling Reduces in

LengthClamping Force

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Riveting is no longer used

The introduction of high strength structural bolts.
The labour costs associated with large riveting crews
The cost involved in careful inspection and removal

of poorly installed rivets.

The high level of noise associated with driving rivets.

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Bolted Connections
Fastened Together primarily by Bolts.
Bolts may be loaded in:

Tension
Shear
Both Tension & Shear
Threads of bolts under shear force:

Excluded Included -

Increased strength
Decreased strength.

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Types Of Bolts
Bearing type bolts

High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)

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The most common type is bearing bolts in clearance holes,

often referred to as
1.

Black Bolts

Ordinary, unfinished, rough, or common bolts.

Least Expensive
Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small

trusses, purlins etc

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2. Turned Bolts
Similar to unfinished bolts.
Shanks - Hexagonal Rods
Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small

trusses, purlins etc.

Expensive Limited use Structures with no Slippage
Connections

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3. Ribbed Bolts
Round head similar to Rivets.
Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole
Tightly fit into the hole.
Popular - Economical in Material &
Installation

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High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG)

Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear
High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned

against the plates to be bolted together so that contact

pressure developed between the plates being joined
Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied
Higher Shear Resistance.

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Advantages
1. The bolting operation is very silent
2. Bolting is a cold process hence there is no risk of fire
3. Bolting operation is more quicker than riveting.
4. Less man power is required in making the connections.

Disadvantages
1. If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in
strength get loosened.
2. Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non
uniform diameter
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WELDING MACHINES
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually

metals, by causing fusion. In addition to melting the base metal,

a filler material is often added to the joint to form a pool of
molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that
can be as strong, or even stronger, than the base material.
Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself,
to produce a weld.
Brands Available: Lincoln, Miller, Hobart (now owned by Miller),
ESAB and Thermadyne.
Types of welding machines:
1. Arc Welders
2. MIG & Flux Welders
3. Plasma Welders
4. Oxygen Acetylene Welders (Does not use electricity)
SOURCE:
http://
5. Spot Welders

www.harborfreight.com/welding.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding

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ARC WELDERS
Arc welding is a type of welding that

uses a welding power supply to create

an electric arc between an electrode
and the base material to melt the
metals at the welding point.
Features:
1. It does not use any gas so it can be

used outdoors.
2. It can work on mild and low alloy steel.
3. It is convenient for construction,
Structural welding and repair works.
4. It uses electrodes.
Limitations:
1. It cannot be used for indoor works.
2. It cannot work on aluminium and

stainless steel.

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SOURCE:

http://
www.harborfreight.com/welding/arc-welders.h
tml
https://www.machinemart.co.uk/c/diy-arc-weld
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/

MIG WELDERS
Metal Inert Gas (MIG) Welding is an

arc welding technique in which a

consumable electrode is used to weld
two or more work pieces.
Features:
1. It can be used for construction and
2.

3.
4.
5.

maintenance.
It can work on metals and alloys such
as aluminium, copper, stainless steel,
mild steel etc.
It uses solid inert wire for welding.
It provides cleaner and faster welds.
It provides better weld pool visibility.

Limitations:
1. The equipment is expensive.
2. It is not portable.
3. It cannot be used for outdoor welding.
4. It is unsuitable for thick metal welds.

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SOURCE:

http://mechteacher.com/metal-inert-gas-weldi
ng
/
http://
www.harborfreight.com/welding/mig-flux-weld
ers/90-amp-ac-120-volt-flux-cored-welder-61
849.html
http://
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disadvantages.php

PLASMA WELDERS
Plasma welding is a process similar to gas

tungsten arc welding. The electric arc is

formed between an electrode and the work
piece. The key difference from arc welding is
that in Plasma Welding, by positioning the
electrode within the body of the torch, the
plasma arc can be separated from the
shielding gas envelope.

1. Gas plasma, 2. Nozzle

protection, 3. Shield Gas, 4.
Electrode, 5. Nozzle constriction,
6. Electric arc

Features:

1. It can be used to cut cast

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iron, steel, stainless steel,

copper, brass, aluminium,
titanium and magnesium
alloys.
SOURCE:
http://
2. Plasma Cutters can cut
www.harborfreight.com/welding/plasma-cutters/
240-volt-inverter-plasma-cutter-with-digitalpainted surfaces as well.
display-62204.html
https://
3. We get clean and smoother en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_arc_welding
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www.used-robots.com/articles/viewing/plasmawelds.
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SAFETY MEASURES
Keep the machine away from water and damp objects.
The machinery needs to be protected from weather and harsh

conditions.
The machine has to be kept away from fire.
The person using the machine must have proper eye and face
protection.
Use of welding helmets with filter plates.
Appropriate and protective clothing for welding process.
Change of room air as often as necessary to prevent welders and
other workers from breathing high levels of airborne contaminants.
Prohibited areas for welding include:
Areas
2. Areas
3. Areas
4. Areas
1.

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unauthorized by management
where sprinklers are impaired
in explosive atmospheres
near storage of large quantities of
readily ignitable materials
SOURCE:

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https://
www.grainger.com/content/QT-WS-welding-saf
ety-109
http://
www.harborfreight.com/welding/arc-welders/7
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ELECTRIC TILE CUTTERS

Ceramic tile cutters are used to cut tiles,

marble and granite to a required size or

shape. They come in a number of
different forms, from basic manual
devices to complex attachments for
power tools.
Features:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

It uses diamond blade for cutting.

It can cut ceramic, porcelain, slate,
marble, travertine, granite, quarry,
terracotta and limestone tiles.
It gives precise cutting.
It can cut up to 30mm thick tiles.
It is possible to get bevel and mitre cuts as
well.

Limitations:

Not recommended for glass tiles and

mosaics.
2. It is slower than manual tile cutter.
1.

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SOURCE:

http://
www.toppstiles.co.uk/tprod46906/electric-cut
ter-650w.html
https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter
http://uk.tools4pro.com/blog/tile-cutter-manuel
-vs-electric
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FLOOR POLISHER
A floor polisher is similar to a

upright vacuum cleaner used to

clean and maintain flooring such as
hardwood, marble, granite, tile,
carpets, laminated flooring etc.
Features:
It is convenient to clean public
places.
2. It has different scrubbing pads for
marble, granite, laminated flooring
etc.
3. The level of water to be used can be
controlled.
4. They can also be used to clean
carpets.
1.

Limitations:
1.

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It cannot be used to clean small

areas such as staircase and skirting.

ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS

SOURCE:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_buffer
http://
www.granitepolishing.in/stone-cleaning/floor-p
olishing.html

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PNEUMATIC FLOOR NAILER AND STAPLER

Pneumatic floor nailers and staplers

are used for fixing hardwood flooring.

They make human effort easier by
providing additional force.
Features:
The just make human effort easier
providing additional force, hammer
still needs to be used.
2. We do not see hammer marks on
flooring.
3. Cleaner installation.
4. It can be adjusted for different floor
thickness and tongue positions.
1.

Limitations:

It is more expensive than manual

floor nailer and stapler.
2. It also requires an air compressor to
function
1.

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SOURCE:

http://
www.harborfreight.com/2-in-1-flooring-air-nai
lerstapler-61689.html
http://
www.ehow.com/about_5336582_manual-vs-pneu
matic-floor-nailer.html

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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
USES

INTRODUCTION
A concrete vibrator is a construction

tool used on concrete pouring sites.

A variety of manufacturers build

these machines for multiple
applications.

A vibrator is used to ensure that a

pour is even and free of air bubbles

Vibrating screens are used to

separate bulk materials in a mixture
of different sized particles.
Vibrating compactors are used for
soil compaction especially in
foundations for roads, railways, and
buildings.
Sometimes used for testing the
ability of material to withstand
vibrations

While not necessary for small jobs,

this tool is essential on large load

bearing projects.
Proper use of a concrete vibrator

requires some training.

The head should always be slowly

lowered into the pour and pulled out

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HAND
TOOLS
gradually
to avoid the
formation
of

SOURCE:http://previews.123rf.com/images/nizamkem/nizamkem1503/nizam
kem150300107/37609434-Construction-workers-using-a-concrete-vibrator-ata-construction-site-in-Selangor-Malaysia-Concrete--Stock-Photo.jpg

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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
ADVANTAGES
Helps to keep the concrete strong .
Helps to provide a smooth finish even

after the form work is removed.

Helps us determine the strength of a

material
Easy to use
Portable as compared to other

machines

SOURCE:http://thumb1.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/952036/3757419
70/stock-photo-cyberjaya-malaysia-august-a-construction-worker-using-a-concretevibrator-at-a-375741970.jpg

Maintenance is low

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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
LIMITATIONS
The tool should never be dragged

through a pour, because it will

leave a groove in the concrete
behind it.
If a concrete vibrator is used

incorrectly on a concrete mix , it

may cause the larger rock pieces
to settle to the bottom, making the
concrete weaker.
In addition, the tool can push rock

and gravel away from the area

being shaken, causing weaker
concrete paste to fill the area,
which may result in instability.
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The vibrator is carefully placed so that it

does not touch any of the rebar in the
SOURCE:http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-concreteconcrete.
vibrator.htm

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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
TYPES OF CONCRETE VIBRATORS
1. NEEDLE VIBRATORS
VIBRATORS

2. SHUTTER VIBRATORS
TABLE

3. SURFACE

4. VIBRATING

2. SHUTTER VIBRATORS
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POINTS TO CONSIDER
The formwork should be strong and tight so that there is no leakage of mortar.
The concrete should be laid in layers of thickness 15 cm to 60 cm. in order to avoid

trapping of air in the concrete the thickness should be as less as practicable.

To regulate the degree of compaction in all portions of the concrete the vibrators

should be inserted vertically.

The vibrations must be carefully controlled. The internal vibrators may be inserted at

a spacing of 45 cm to 60 cm (or 8 to 10 times the diameter of needle) for a period

ranging from 30 sec to 2 min.

the vibrator should be withdrawn when the mortar just appears at the surface.

The surface should neither be honey combed nor it should contain excess mortar.
The vibrator should not touch the surface of the formwork so that it may not be

damaged.

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General Tool Safety Rules

Maintain regularly
Use the right tool for the job
Inspect before use
Operate according to the
manufacturers instructions
Use the proper personal protective
equipment
Use the guards

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Defective Power Tool. Do

Not Use!
Pull This From Service.

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This worker is doing his part by notifying his

supervisor of a defective tool.

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saw has no blade guard and the belt is expos

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xposed Belt and Electrical Parts

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