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Understanding Indices and Logarithms

Indices allow large numbers to be written more concisely as a base and an exponent. There are several laws for manipulating indices, including: 1) Multiplication of indices with the same base: am × an = am+n 2) Division of indices with the same base: am ÷ an = am-n 3) Raising an index to a power: (am)n = amn 4) (ab)n = an × bn Indices can represent roots, such as a1/2 representing the square root of a. Zero indices result in 1, and negative indices are expressed as fractional indices. Examples demonstrate solving equations using index laws.

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Sforazzura Suhaimi
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396 views12 pages

Understanding Indices and Logarithms

Indices allow large numbers to be written more concisely as a base and an exponent. There are several laws for manipulating indices, including: 1) Multiplication of indices with the same base: am × an = am+n 2) Division of indices with the same base: am ÷ an = am-n 3) Raising an index to a power: (am)n = amn 4) (ab)n = an × bn Indices can represent roots, such as a1/2 representing the square root of a. Zero indices result in 1, and negative indices are expressed as fractional indices. Examples demonstrate solving equations using index laws.

Uploaded by

Sforazzura Suhaimi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER 5

INDICES AND
LOGARITHMS

What is Indices?
Examples of numbers in index
form.
33
(3 cubed or 3 to the power of 3)
25
(2 to the power of 5)

3 and 5 are known as indices.


27=33, 3 is a base and 3 is an index
32=25, 2 is a base and 5 is an index
So , why we use indices?
Indices can make large numbers
much more manageable, as a
large number can be reduced to
just a base and an index.
Eg: 1,048,576
= 220
LAWS OF INDICES
Multiplication of indices with same base:
am  an = am + n
bm + n = bm  bn
Example:
x4 x3 = x4 + 3 = x7
1
y4y7 = y4+(-7) = y3 = y 3

2x+3 = 2x  23 = 8(2x)
3 = 3 3 = 3
y – 2 y 2
y
 
1
32
Division of indices with same base:
am ÷ an = am  n
bm  n = bm ÷ bn
Example: 9
c
4 = c9  4 = c5
c
x
3
3x-2 = 2
3
4p 2 p 25
1 3 1
5 
 p  3
12p 3 3 3p
Raising an index to a power
(am)n = amn
bmn = (bm)n
EXAMPLE:
(b4)3 = b43 = b12
(32)3 = 323 = 36
(2x)2 = 22x
(2y+1)3 = 23y + 3
32c = (3c)2
(ab)n = anbn
EXAMPLE:
(xy)3 = x3  y3

2 3  33 = 6 3

(ab)-2 = a-2  b-2



n n
a a
 n
Law 5: b b


EXAMPLE: 2 2
2 2
 2
3 3

 b  a
2 2 2
a  a  b
2
b

 2   5  5 25
2 2 2
5  2 2  4
2
Other properties of index
Zero index: a0 = 1, a  0
1
Negative index: a  n
-n
a
1
Fractional index:
a  a n n

 a
m m
a  a 
n n m n

 
2 2
64 
3 3
64 4 2

n n
a a
 n
Law 5: b b


EXAMPLE: 2 2
2 2
 2
3 3

 b  a
2 2 2
a  a  b
2
b

 2   5  5 25
2 2 2
5  2 2  4
2
Example
Solve
(a) 91 – x = 27
1
(b) 2 p + 1 43 – p = 16
(c) Solve the simultaneous equation
2x.42y = 8
1
5 .25 = 125
x -y

(d) 4x+3 – 4x+2 = 6


Solution
(a) x = -0.5
(b) p = 11
(c) x = -1, y = 1
(d) x = -1.5

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