Digital Image Watermarking

Er-Hsien Fu
EE381K-15280
Student Presentation

Overview
Introduction
Background
Watermark Properties
Embedding
Detection
The Project
Introduction
Embedding
Detection
Conclusions

Introduction
Watermark--an invisible signature embedded
inside an image to show authenticity or proof of
ownership
Discourage unauthorized copying and distribution
of images over the internet
Ensure a digital picture has not been altered
Software can be used to search for a specific
watermark

Background
Watermark Properties

Watermark should appear random, noise-like

sequence
Appear Undetectable
Good Correlation Properties
High correlation with signals similar to
watermark
Low correlation with other watermarks or
random noise
Common sequences
A) Normal distribution
B) m-sequences

W=[1 0 0 1 0
01101
11010
01111
0 1 0 0 0]

Project:
Introduction
Possible for watermark to be binary sequence
Error-correction coding techniques
Use convolutional codes
Decode by Viterbi algorithm
Compare with non-coding method
See if it improves watermark detection
More or less robust to attacks?
Additive noise, JPEG Compression, Rescale,
Unzign
Performance assessed by correlation coefficient

Watermark Embedding

Watermark

Original Image

Watermarked image

Watermark placed into information content of Original Image to create

Watermarked Image
Image Content
Spatial Domain (Least Significant Bit)
FFT - Magnitude and Phase
Wavelet Transforms
DCT Coefficients

Setup-Watermark Embedding
Image

Watermark

DCT 1000
Highest
Coeff
Conv
Code

IDCT

Watermarked
Image

Interleave

DC Component Excluded for 1000 Highest Coefficients

Interleaving prevents burst errors
Watermarked Image Similar to original image
Without coding, ignore Conv Code and Interleave block

Original Image

Watermarked Image, No Coding

512x512 Mandrill Image

See Handout
Both watermarks imperceptible
Alterations to original image
difficult to notice
Watermarked Image with Coding

Watermark Detection
=

Suspected Image

Extracted
Watermark

Original
Watermark

Correlation

Watermark Extracted from Suspected Image

Compute correlation of Extracted and Original Watermark
Threshold correlation to determine watermark existence

Watermark Detection
W2
Corrupted
Image

Deinterleave,
Viterbi Decode

Extracted
Watermark
W1

Original
Image

1000 Highest
DCT Coeff

Owners
watermark

For no coding, deinterleave and decode block ignored

=E[W1*W2]/{ E[W12]E[W22]}
If W1=W2 then =1
if W1 and W2 are independent, then =0 if E[W1]=0
Corruptions are additive noise, JPEG Compression
Image scaling, and UnZign

Correlation
Coefficient

Convolutional Codes
C0

Input=[...1011010101100000000]
G0 = [1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1]
G1 = [1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1]

C1
Output C0 = conv(G0,Input); Output C1=conv(G1,Input)
Convolutional code implemented using linear shift registers
Adds redundancy for error-correction
Encoding/Decoding well researched
Good coding performance, very popular

State
0
1
2
3

Viterbi Decoding

Find most likely path through trellis

Begin and end at all zero state
Upper arrows => input=0, Lower arrow =>input=1
Every possible input/output combination is compared
with the received output
Optimal Decoding Method

No Coding:
Additive Noise(0,900)

With Coding:
Additive Noise (0,900)

Zero mean additive noise, variance=100, 400, 900

Both methods had high correlation
Coding method performed slightly better
For variance = 900
(no coding) = 77%
p (coding) = 84%

4:1 JPEG Compression,

No coding

4:1 JPEG Compression

With Coding

JPEG Compression: 1.4:1, 2.2:1, 4:1 ratio

Both methods resistant to JPEG compression
Coding method outperformed non-coding method
Perfect detection for coding method

Watermark removal using Unzign

Convert to grayscale and resize

Unzign--watermark removal software

Image resized to 512x512 and convert to grayscale before detection
Moderate detection for without coding:
(no coding) = 57%
(coding) = 23%
Coding method sensitive to resizing

Conclusions
Convolutional coding more immune to additive noise and
JPEG Compression
Coding method fragile w.r.t. rescaled images
Moderate detection levels for unzigned images
Further Suggestion:
Try block DCT
Use Wavelet Transform
Exploit Human Visual System

Questions