2 05

Ecolog
Students will be able to:

-define limiting factors and name specific limiting factors as well as their affects
-use a dichotomous key to classify species
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its significance
-define the term biome and outline the distribution and relative productivity of the different biomes
Classification = The science of grouping organisms based on

similarities.
Why classify?
To help identify organisms.
To identify similarities between organisms.
To identify evolutionary patterns and relationships.
Ecolog
y

Whats the basis for

classification?
Anatomy
Biochemistry
Genetics
Ecolog
y

3 Domains
5 Kingdoms
Animalia
Eukaryota
Eubacteria
Plantae
Protista
Fungi
Monera
Archaebacteria
Ecolog
y

Hierarchy of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Ecolog
y

Scientists use a 2 word system of naming different organisms called

Binomial Nomenclature
The 2 word name is called a Scientific Name and it is made up of
the genus and specific epithet.
A scientific name is either written in italics or it is underlined.
The genus must be capitalized and the specific epithet is lowercase.
Dandelion = Taraxacum officianalis
Domestic Cat = Felis catus
Mosquito = Culex pipiens
Human = Homo sapiens
Ecolog
y

In order to identify new organisms and to figure out what species

they are, scientists use a Dichotomous Key.
Dichotomous Keys use yes or no questions about the organisms
anatomy to determine its identity.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

-describe the importance of calculating accurate population size
-calculate accurate population size using the quadrate method and the
Lincoln Index
-define the term diversity and apply Simpsons diversity index and outline its
significance.
Measuring the biotic componets of the Ecos

Populations change in response to
environmental stress or changes in
environmental conditions.
1. In size = # of individuals
2. Density = # of individual / specific space
3. Age distribution = proportions / age
group
4. Dispersion =
Clumped
(elephants)
Uniform
(creosote bush)
Random
(dandelions)
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Knowing population size is

important in making
environmental decisions that
would affect the population.
Making a decision on an estimate that is too high
extinction.
Making a decision on an estimate that is too low
unnecessarily hurt people that depend on the
animals for food & income.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
When estimating population size it is

important to collect RANDOM SAMPLES.
A sample is a part of a population, part of an area or

part of some other whole thing, chosen to illustrate
what the whole population, area or other thing is like.
In a random sample every individual in a population
has an equal chance of being selected.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Methods for Estimating Population

Size
1.Quadrat method = good for organisms
that do not move around much or are
easy to find.
2. Lincoln Index
(Capture/Mark/Release/Recapture) = good
for https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nr9rQpm2A4
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Using Quadrats
1. Mark out area to be sampled

(Stage Quadrat)(usually 100m2 or
10,000m2).
2. Place Sampling Quadrats
( 1 m2, 100 m2) randomly or
systematically within the area.
3. Count how many individuals are
inside the sample quadrats.
4. Calculate the mean number of
individuals per sample quadrat.
Pop. Size = mean X area of
stage quadrat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsMWvSuJm08
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
RANDOM
QUaDRATS
SYSTEMATIC
QUaDRATS
Quadrat sampling is suitable for

plants that do not move around and
are easy to find.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Quadrat method can be used to

determine:
POPULATION DENSITY = number
of
individuals of each species per
area.
PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY =
percent of
each species found within an
area.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Capture/Mark/
Release/Recapture
Lincoln index
1. Capture as many individuals as

possible in the area occupied by the
animal population, using netting,
trapping or careful searching.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Capture/Mark/
Release/Recapture
Lincoln index
2. Mark each individual, without

making them more visible to
predators and without harming
them.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
3. Release all the marked individuals

and allow them to settle back into
their habitat.
4. Recapture as many individuals as
possible and count how many are
marked and how many are
unmarked.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
5. Calculate the estimated population

size by using the Lincoln Index:
population size = N1 X N2
N3
N1 = number caught and marked initially
N2 = total number caught in 2nd sample
N3 = number of marked individuals from
2nd
video sample
Topic 2.7
Measurin
g
Changes

-Describe and evaluate methods for measuring changes in abiotic and biotic components of and
ecosystem along and environmental gradient.
ecosystem due to a specific human activity.-Describe and evaluate the use of environmental impact assessments (EPAs).
Line Transects and Belt Transects are used to measure Environmental Gradients
Topic 2.7
Measurin
g
Changes

Topic 2.7
Measurin
g
Changes

Topic 2.7
Measurin
g
Changes

Line Transect / Belt Transects

- A rope or measuring tape is extended from a fixed point
procedure
along
the length of the environmental gradient.
- All the organisms touching this line or a suitable places

along the
line are counted, recorded and their position noted.
- Measurements of factors of interest such as temperature,

humidity, pH, light intensity or other abiotic factors are take
at
the same points and noted.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1rVlXslmOc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUDmcXu94fo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCqVcC3DJg8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
annotation_id=annotation_361434&feature=iv&src_vid=7nr9rQpm2A4&v=ttcyw2tB
xrc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DR50IgvE7g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekSjRsnhJrk&t=23s#t=176.675195
% error = (estimate - actual) / actual * 100

For example, if you estimate that there are 90 jelly
beans in a jar when there are actually 130 your
percentage error is:
(90-130)/130 * 100 =
-40/130 * 100 =
-0.308*100 =
-30.769%
After absolute value, the answer is simply 30.769, or
30.8%.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors
1.

Lincoln Index
significance.
To get accurate population

estimates
The population
of organisms must be
closed, with no immigration or

emigration.
2. The time between samples must be very
small compared to the life span of the
organism being sampled.
3. The marked organisms must mix
completely with the rest of the population
during the time between the two
samples.
4. Organisms are not hurt or disadvantaged
by beinghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
caught and marked and
v=ekSjRsnhJrk
therefore
all organisms have an equal
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Simpsons Diversity Index
Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure

of diversity. In ecology, it is often used
to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat.
It takes into account the number of
species present (richness), as well as
the abundance of each species
(eveness).
Video
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Richness
The number of species per sample is a

measure of richness. The more species
present in a sample, the 'richer' the
sample.
Species richness as a measure on its own
takes no account of the number of
individuals of each species present. It
gives as much weight to those species
which have very few individuals as to
those which have many individuals. Thus,
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Evenness
However, diversity depends not only

on richness, but also on evenness.
Evenness compares the similarity of
the population size of each of the
species present
Evenness is a measure of the relative
abundance of the different species
making up the richness of an area.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Flower
Species
Daisy
Dandelion
Buttercup
Total
Numbers of individuals
Community 1 Community 2
300
335
365
1000
20
49
931
1000
Community 1 and 2 both have 3 species so they are equally rich. However,
community 1 is more even and therefore more diverse.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
The sample from the first field

consists of 300 daisies, 335
dandelions and 365 buttercups.
The sample from the second field
comprises 20 daisies, 49 dandelions
and 931 buttercups.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Both samples have the same richness (3

species) and the same total number of
individuals (1000).
However, the first sample has more
evenness than the second. This is
because the total number of individuals
in the sample is quite evenly distributed
between the three species.
Therefore community 1 is more diverse.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
As a communities richness and

evenness increase, its diversity
increases. Simpson's Diversity Index is a
measure of diversity which takes into
account both richness and evenness.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Simpson Index
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
example
Species
Number (n)
n(n-1)
Woodrush
Holly
(seedlings)
56
Bramble
Yorkshire
Fog
Sedge
Total (N)
15
64
Pond
1
Pond
2
43
26
18
18
38
29
11
Pond
1
43
18
38
Pond
1
43
18
38
Number (n)
n(n-1)
43
18
38
1
N=
n(n-1) =
Number (n)
n(n-1)
43
N=43+18+38+3+1
N=103
18
38
1
N=103
n(n-1) =
Number (n)
n(n-1)
43
43(431)=1806
18
18(181)=306
38
38(381)=1406
3(3-1)=6
3
1(1-1)=0
1
N=103
n(n-1) =
N=43+18+38+3+1
N=103
Number (n)
n(n-1)
43
43(431)=1806
18
18(181)=306
38
38(381)=1406
3(3-1)=6
1(1-1)=0
1
N=103
n(n-1)
=3524
N=43+18+38+3+1
N=103
D= 103(103-1)
3524
D=2.98
Pond
2
26
18
29
11
Number (n)
n(n-1)
26
18
29
11
N=
n(n-1) =
Number (n)
n(n-1)
26
18
N=26+18+29+11+5
N=89
29
11
N=89
n(n-1) =
Number (n)
n(n-1)
26
26(261)=650
18
18(181)=306
29
29(291)=812
11
11(111)=110
5(5-1)=20
N=89
n(n-1) =
Number (n)
n(n-1)
26
26(261)=650
18
18(181)=306
29
29(291)=812
11
11(111)=110
5(5-1)=20
N=89
n(n-1)
=1,898
N=26+18+29+11+5
N=89
D= 89(89-1)
1,898
Number (n)
n(n-1)
26
26(261)=650
18
18(181)=306
29
29(291)=812
11
11(111)=110
5(5-1)=20
N=89
n(n-1)
=1,898
N=26+18+29+11+5
N=89
D= 89(89-1)
1,898
D=4.13
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
example
Species
Number (n)
Woodrush
Holly
(seedlings)
10
Bramble
Yorkshire
Fog
Sedge
Total (N)
n(n-1)
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
example
Species
Number (n)
n(n-1)
Woodrush
Holly
(seedlings)
10
90
Bramble
Yorkshire
Fog
Sedge
Total (N) =
15
n(n-1) =
92
D = N(N-1)
n(n-1)
D = 15(15-1)
n(n-1)
D = 15(15-1)
92
D = 2.28
Group
Diversity Index
1
2
3
4
5
6
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
example
Species
Number (n)
n(n-1)
Woodrush
Holly
(seedlings)
56
Bramble
Yorkshire
Fog
Sedge
Total (N)
15
64
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
When the equation is written in this

form the higher the value the
greater the diversity.
If we take the reciprocal then the
value of the Simpson Index can only
be between 0 and 1 and the smaller
the decimal the greater the diversity.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
D = 0.3 (Simpson's Index)
If you have 8 woodrush 12 holly seedlings 16 bramble

4 yorkshire fog and 17 sedge in a community, what is
its diversity using simpsons diversity index.
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Species
example
Number (n)
n(n-1)
Woodrush
Holly
(seedlings)
Bramble
Yorkshire
Fog
Sedge
Total (N) =
n(n-1) =
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
example
Species
Number (n)
Woodrush
Holly
(seedlings)
12
Bramble
16
Yorkshire
Fog
Sedge
17
Total (N) =
n(n-1)
n(n-1) =
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
example
Species
Number (n)
n(n-1)
Woodrush
56
Holly
(seedlings)
12
132
Bramble
16
240
Yorkshire
Fog
12
Sedge
17
272
Total (N) =
57
n(n-1) =
712
D = N(N-1)
n(n-1)
D = 57(57-1)
n(n-1)
D = 57(57-1)
712
D = 4.48
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Simpsons Biodiversity Lab
Species
Number (n)
n(n-1)
Red
40
1560
Green
56
3080
Black
42
1722
Blue
133
17556
White
995
N= 1266
989030
n(n-1)=1012948
Topic
2.3
Measuring
Biotic
Factors

Lincoln Index
significance.
Simpsons Biodiversity Lab
Species
Number (n)
n(n-1)
Red
Green
10
90
Black
Blue
White
1
N=
0
n(n-1)=





A scientist traps 14 wood vole, marks them and

releases them. The scientist waits 24 hours and then
traps 26 wood vole (12 marked and 14 unmarked) in
the same area using the same method as the first time.
Estimate the wood vole population in this ecosystem.



the same area using the same method as the first
time.

Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Topic 2
Population
Dynamics

Lincoln Index
significance.
Choosing and Evaluating field techniques

depends on the accuracy necessary and
the type of ecosystem.
Visual inspections can be useful in some

application but in others more accurate
methods are required.
Reliability = by taking more measurements, either in different locations or at different

times and taking an average we increase reliability.
Accuracy = using more precise equipment we can increase accuracy.
Appropriateness = using a method that gives you the most useful results without
employing unnecessary effort is most appropriate.

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Ecolog

Students will be able to:

Classification = The science of grouping organisms based on

Students will be able to:

Whats the basis for

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Scientists use a 2 word system of naming different organisms called

Students will be able to:

In order to identify new organisms and to figure out what species

Students will be able to:

Measuring the biotic componets of the Ecos

Students will be able to:

Knowing population size is

Students will be able to:

When estimating population size it is

A sample is a part of a population, part of an area or

Students will be able to:

Methods for Estimating Population

Students will be able to:

1. Mark out area to be sampled

Students will be able to:

Quadrat sampling is suitable for

Students will be able to:

Quadrat method can be used to

Students will be able to:

1. Capture as many individuals as

Students will be able to:

2. Mark each individual, without

Students will be able to:

3. Release all the marked individuals

Students will be able to:

5. Calculate the estimated population

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Line Transect / Belt Transects

- All the organisms touching this line or a suitable places

- Measurements of factors of interest such as temperature,

% error = (estimate - actual) / actual * 100

Students will be able to:

To get accurate population

closed, with no immigration or

Students will be able to:

Simpsons Diversity Index

Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure

Students will be able to:

The number of species per sample is a

Students will be able to:

However, diversity depends not only

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

The sample from the first field

Students will be able to:

Both samples have the same richness (3

Students will be able to:

As a communities richness and

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to:

Students will be able to: