Matt Williams: From: HTTP://WWW - Cs.washington - Edu/homes/cassidy/tele/index - HTML

Depth Perception
and Visualization
Matt Williams
From: http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/cassidy/tele/index.html
Depth Perception
and Visualization
References and borrowed images:

Ware, C., Chapter 8 of Information Visualization: Perception for Design. 2000, San
Fancisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
J.D. Pfautz, Depth Perception in Computer Graphics, Doctoral Dissertation,
University of Cambridge, UK, 2000.
C. Ware, C. Gobrecht, and M.A. Paton, "Dynamic Adjustment of Stereo Display Parameters,"
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics---Part A: Systems and Humans, Vol. 28, No. 1,
Jan. 1998, pp. 56-65.
www.wlu.ca/~wwwpsych/tsang/8Depth.ppt(no author provided)
Robertson,G.,Mackinlay,J.,&Card,S.ConeTrees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical
information. In Proceedings of CHI'91 (New Orleans, LA), ACM, 189-194.
WANGER, L., FERWANDA, J., AND GREENBERG, D. 1992. Perceiving spatial relationships in
computer generated images. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (May) 44-58.
Depth Perception
and Visualization
Depth Perception
Cues
How do we combine these cues to perceive
depth
InfoVis Application
Which cues are helpful?

Which cues may be important in your
project?
Depth Cues
Monocular
Perspective Cues
Size
Occlusion
Depth of Focus
Cast Shadows
Shape from Motion
Binocular
Eye Convergence
Stereoscopic depth
Structure from Motion
Motion Parallax
Kinetic Depth
n
b
Ware, C., Chapter 8 of Information Visualization: Perception for Design. 2000, San Fancisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Structure from Motion

Kinetic Depth Effect
Assumption of rigidity allows us to
assume shape as objects
move/rotate
Perspective Cues
Parallel lines converge

Distant objects appear smaller
Textured Elements become smaller
with distance
Perspective Cues
http://www.wlu.ca/~wwwpsych/tsang/8Depth.ppt
Perspective Cues
Taking advantage of linear perspective

in visualization
Perspective Cues
Size Constancy
Perception of actual size versus retinal size.
Can perceive 2D picture plane size for sketchy
images (see below)
Perspective Cues
Perspective Cues
Perspective Cues
Usually we percieve images on the

computer from the wrong viewpoint
Robustness of linear perspective (Kubovy, 1986)
e.g Movie Theatre
Why might we want to correct for

viewpoint changes (head movement)
anyway?
Motion Parallax
Placement of virtual hand or object
Perspective Cues
Placement of virtual hand or object

Need for head coupled perspective
vrlab.postech.ac.kr/vr/gallery/edu/vr/display.ppt
Occlusion
The strongest depth cue.
Ware, C., Chapter 8 of Information Visualization: Perception for Design. 2000, San Fancisco: Morgan Kaufmann
Depth of Focus
Strong Depth Cue

Must be coupled with user input (e.g.
point of fixation)
Computationally expensive
Cast Shadows
Important cue for height of an object above a

plane
An indirect depth cue
Shown to be stronger than size perspective
(Kersten, 1996)
Shape From Shading
Ware Chapter 7
Eye Convergence
Better for relative depth than for

absolute depth
Stereoscopic Depth
How it works
Two different views fuse to one
perceived view (try it)
Panum'sFusionalArea
Screen
Righteye
disparity=
Lefteye
Stereoscopic Depth
Panums fusional area

Range before diplopia occurs(worst case):
Fovea 1/10 of a degree (3 pixels)

Periphery 1/3 of a degree (10 pixels)
Factors for Fusion
Moving images
Blurred images
Size
Exposure
Stereoscopic Depth
velab.cau.ac.kr/lecture/Stereo.ppt
Stereoscopic Depth
Problems with stereoscopic displays

Diplopia occurs when images dont fuse (try it)
Vergence Focus Problem
Diplopia reduced for blurred images great for the real

world but
Stereoscopic displays only contain sharp images. Closeup unattended items can be obtrusive.
Everything on the computer screen is on the same focal

plane.
Causes eyestrain
Frame Cancellation:
Stereoscopic Depth
Frame Cancellation:
Solution?
Stereoscopic Displays
Cyclopean Scale
Move virtual environment close to the

display plane
No
Cancellation
Reduced Vergence-focus problem
Stereoscopic Displays
Virtual Eye Separation

(Telestereoscope)
Allows for a decrease or
increase in disparity
Allows for an increase or
decrease in the depth of
the virtual environment
http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/cassidy/tele/index.html
Depth Perception Theory
General Unified Theory
Perceived Depth = Weighted sum of all Depth Cues

Rank the cues in importance
e.g.
Occlusion
Motion Parallax
Stereo
Size constancy
Etc.
Depth Perception Theory
Importance changes with distance
Depth Contrast
Motion
parallax
Occlusion
Cast Shadows
Stereo
Size constancy
, 96
, 96
Convergence
Aerial
1
10
Depth (meters)
100
Cutting, 1996
Space Perception Theory
Task Dependant Model

Cues weights are combined differently based on the task
Evidence?
Task: Orientation of a virtual Object

Cast Shadows and Motion Parallax help
But Linear Perspective hinders such orientation
Task: Object translation

Linear perspective was the most useful cue
Wanger, 1992
InfoVis Tasks:
Tracing 3D data paths

Judging 3D surfaces
Finding 3D patterns of points
Relative Position in 3D space
Judging movement of Self
Judging Up Direction
Feeling a sense of Presence
Tracing 3D Data Paths
Benefits of 3D Trees
More nodes can be displayed (Robertson et al.,

1993)
Reduced errors in detecting Paths

(Sollenberger and Milgram, 1993)
Tracing 3D Data Paths
Beneficial Cues:
Kinetic Depth and Stereoscopic
Depth reduced errors in path
detection
Kinetic Depth was the stronger cue
Occlusion Is helpful
(Ware and Franck, 1996)
3D Patterns of Points
http://neutrino.kek.jp/~kohama/sarupaw/sarupaw_html/fig/nt_3d.gif
http://www-pat.fnal.gov/nirvana/plot_wid.html
Beneficial Cues:
Structure from motion
Stereo Depth
Not Beneficial:
Perspective
Size
Cast Shadows
Shape from Shading (How?)
Add shape to clouds of points
Judging Relative Position
Small Scale (Threading a needle)
Beneficial: Stereo
Not Beneficial: Motion Parallax
Large Scale ( > 30 m)
Beneficial: motion parallax,

perspective, cast shadows, texture
gradients
Not Beneficial: stereo
Conclusion
Depth Cues
Existing Theories
Application to InfoVis
Occlusion
Texture Gradient
Size Constancy
Cast Shadows
Stereo
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Depth Perception

References and borrowed images:

Which cues are helpful?

Structure from Motion

Structure from Motion

Parallel lines converge

Taking advantage of linear perspective

Usually we percieve images on the

e.g Movie Theatre

Why might we want to correct for

Placement of virtual hand or object

The strongest depth cue.

Strong Depth Cue

Important cue for height of an object above a

Shape From Shading

Better for relative depth than for

Panums fusional area

Fovea 1/10 of a degree (3 pixels)

Factors for Fusion

Problems with stereoscopic displays

Vergence Focus Problem

Diplopia reduced for blurred images great for the real

Everything on the computer screen is on the same focal

Move virtual environment close to the

Virtual Eye Separation

Depth Perception Theory

General Unified Theory

Perceived Depth = Weighted sum of all Depth Cues

Depth Perception Theory

Importance changes with distance

Space Perception Theory

Task Dependant Model

Task: Orientation of a virtual Object

Task: Object translation

Tracing 3D data paths

Tracing 3D Data Paths

More nodes can be displayed (Robertson et al.,

Reduced errors in detecting Paths

Tracing 3D Data Paths

(Ware and Franck, 1996)

Judging Relative Position

Small Scale (Threading a needle)

Large Scale ( > 30 m)

Beneficial: motion parallax,

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