COUNTER

A counter is a digital sequential logic

device that will go through a certain
predefined states (for example counting
up or down) based on the application of
the input pulses. They are utilized in
almost all computers and digital
electronics systems.
There are two main types of counters:
Asynchronous and Synchronous counters.

COUNTER
Characteristics of COUNTER:
Count modulus (MOD) total number of states in the
counter sequence
Counter triggering technique positive edge or negative
edge
Frequency division characteristics
Asynchronous no common clock &
Synchronous - common clock operation

Asynchronous Counters
This type of counters have JK FlopFlops arranged in a way that the
output of one flip-flip feeds the clock
of the following flip-flop as shown in
the figure below:

Asynchronous Counters
The output waveforms will result
from such a circuit as follows:

Example
Build an asynchronous mod8 counter
using JK FF.
Solution:
N = modulus = 8, so:
Number of flip-flop = = 3
Number maximum decimal count
is
8 -1 = 7.
N-1

 State diagram:

Synchronous Counters
This type of counters has each flipflop clocked by the same clock
source, thus eliminating the
cumulative delay found in
asynchronous counters: