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Lensing Scheme

1) This chapter discusses various methods of coupling light between optical sources and fibers, as well as fiber-to-fiber coupling, including launching light into fibers from LEDs and lasers, fiber splicing, and fiber connectors. 2) It provides equations to calculate coupling efficiency between a source and fiber based on their radiance profiles and numerical apertures. 3) When coupling between fibers, losses are influenced by mechanical alignment, longitudinal offsets, end face defects, and modal distributions between the fibers. Splicing and connectors are discussed as demountable connection methods.

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2K views22 pages

Lensing Scheme

1) This chapter discusses various methods of coupling light between optical sources and fibers, as well as fiber-to-fiber coupling, including launching light into fibers from LEDs and lasers, fiber splicing, and fiber connectors. 2) It provides equations to calculate coupling efficiency between a source and fiber based on their radiance profiles and numerical apertures. 3) When coupling between fibers, losses are influenced by mechanical alignment, longitudinal offsets, end face defects, and modal distributions between the fibers. Splicing and connectors are discussed as demountable connection methods.

Uploaded by

nandini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 5

Laser-Fiber Connection

Content
Launching optical power into a fiber
Fiber-to-Fiber coupling
Fiber Splicing and connectors

Coupling Efficiency
PF
power coupled into the fiber

power emitted from the sourse Ps

Ps
Source

PF
Optical Fiber

[5-1]

Radiance (Brightness) of the source

B= Optical power radiated from a unit area of the source into a


unit solid angle [watts/(square centimeter per stradian)]

Surface emitting LEDs have a Lambertian pattern:

B ( , ) B0 cos

[5-2]

Edge emitting LEDs and laser diodes radiation pattern

1
sin
cos

T
L
B( , ) B0 cos B0 cos
2

For edge emitting LEDs, L=1

[5-3]

Power Coupled from source to the fiber

As and s : area and solid emission angle of the source

A f and f : area and

PF

B( A ,

Af

solid acceptance angle of fiber

rm

)d s dAs

2 0 max

[5-4]

B( , ) sin dd
0

d s rdr

Power coupled from LED to the Fiber


2

rs

2B0
0

P
0

rs

B0

0 max

d s rdr
cos

sin

2
sin
0 max d s rdr

rs

B0

NA

d s rdr
2

PLED,step rs B0 ( NA) 2 rs B0 n1
2

[5-5]

Power coupling from LED to step-index fiber


Total optical power from LED:

Ps As

2 / 2

B ( , ) sin dd

Ps rs 2B0
2

/2

2
cos

sin

rs B0

[5-6]

Ps ( NA) 2

PLED,step a

Ps ( NA) 2
rs

if rs a

if rs a

[5-7]

Equilibrium Numerical Aperture

Examples of possible lensing schemes used to improve optical source-to-fiber coupling


efficiency

Laser diode to Fiber Coupling

Fiber-to-Fiber Joint
Fiber-to-Fiber coupling loss:

LF [dB] 10 log F
Low loss fiber-fiber joints are either:
1- Splice (permanent bond)
2- Connector (demountable connection)

[5-8]

Different modal distribution of the optical beam emerging from a fiber lead to different degrees of
coupling loss. a) when all modes are equally excited, the output beam fills the entire output NA. b)
for a steady state modal distribution, only the equilibrium NA is filled by the output beam.

Mechanical misalignment losses

Lateral (axial) misalignment loss is a dominant


Mechanical loss.

Acomm 2
d
d
d

arccos


1
2

2a a
a
2a
2

F ,step

1/ 2

[5-9]

Longitudinal offset effect

Losses due to differences in the geometry and waveguide characteristics


of the fibers

aR
LF (a ) 10 log( )
aE

for a R a E

NA R
LF (a ) 20 log(
)
NA E

for NA R NA E

[5-10]

E & R subscripts refer to emitting and receiving fibers.

Experimental comparison of Loss as a function


of mechanical misalignment

Fiber end face

Fiber end defects

Fiber splicing

Fusion Splicing

V-groove optical fiber splicing

Optical Fiber Connectors


Some of the principal requirements of a good connector design are as
follows:
1- low coupling losses
2- Interchangeability
3- Ease of assembly
4- Low environmental sensitivity
5- Low-cost and reliable construction
6- Ease of connection

Connector Return Loss

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