CATTLE MANAGEMENT IN DISASTER

DISPOSAL OF DEAD BODIES

(24TH & 25TH JANUARY 2008)

DR. S. J. GANDHI
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
(EPIDEMIC BRANCH)
COMMISSIONER OF HEALTH
MEDICAL SERVICES & MEDICAL
EDUCATION
GANDHINAGAR
 ANTHRAX
AFTER CONFIRMATION OF BEING A CASE OF ANTHRAX, A
CARCASS SHOULD NOT BE OPENED AND SHOULD BE DISPOSED
OF BY
INCINERATION OR
RENDERING
DEEP BURIAL AFTER DISINFECTION IS A LESS FAVORURED
OPTION.
BLOOD FROM THE DEAD ANIMAL SHOULD BE COLLECTED BY
FOLLOWING STRICT ASEPTIC PRECAUTIONS FOR
CONFIRMATION OF DIAGNOSIS.
NECROPSY SHOULD NOT BE DONE, AS THIS HAS THE RISK OF
SPREAD OF INFECTION.
EDUCATION
EDUCATE EMPLOYEES ABOUT MODES OF ANTHRAX
TRANSMISSION.
CONTROL DUST AND PROPERLY VENTILATE ALL
HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES PARTICULARLY WHICH ARE
HANDELING RAW ANIMAL MATERIALS
DO NOT USE /SELL HIDES OF ANIMALS EXPOSED TO
ANTHRAX NOR USE THEIR CARACASSES AS FOOD OR
FEED SUPPLEMENTS
TREAT PROPERLY THE EFFLUENTS FROM
HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES HANDELING ANIMALS,ETC.
 MEASSURES IN OUTBREAKS
INVESTIGATE
CONFIRM WITH LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
SEARCH FOR THE SOURCE
IN THE AFFACTED AREA: -
THE CARACASSES OF INFECTED CATTEL ARE TO BE EITHER BURNT AT THE
SITE OF DEATH
THE ASHES BURIED DEEPLY,OR WRAPPED IN DOUBLE THICKNESS PLASTIC
BAG TO PREVENT SPILLING OF BODY FLUIDS AND REMOVED TO A MORE
SUITABLE SITE WHERE THEY ARE BURNT AND THE ASHES BURIED
THE SITE WHERE THE ANIMAL DIED IS TO BE DISINFECTED WITH 5%
FORMALDEHYDE AFTERE DISPOSAL OF CARACASS
ALL OTHER ANIMALS IN THE AFFACTED AREA ARE TO BE VACCINATED
 QUARNTINE & OTHER
PRECAUTIONS
AFFACTED PREMISSES ARE TO BE QUARANTINED FOR AT
LEAST 20 DAYS AFTER THE LAST CASE OR 6 WEEKS AFTER
VACCINATION, WHICHEVER IS LATER
ANY MILK COLLECTED FROM A COW, BUFFALO OR GOAT
SHOWING SIGNS OF ANTHRAX WITHIN 8 HOURS OF MILKING
IS TO BE DESTROYED, ALONG WITH ANY OTHER MILK THAT
MAY HAVE BEEN MIXED WITH SUSPECTED MILK
PEOPLE ENTERRING INFECTED PREMISES ARE REQUIRRED
TO WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, WHICH ARE DISINFECTED
BEFORE LEAVING THE PREMISES
ALL CATTLE ON NEIGHBOURING PREMISES SHOULD ALSO BE
VACCINATED
 QUARNTINE & OTHER
PRECAUTIONS
A BUFFER ZONE, 20-30 KM WIDE, IS TO BE ESTABLISHED
AROUND THE INFECTED AREA, WITHIN WHICH ALL CATTLE
AND EXPOSED SHEEP ARE VACCINATED AND QUARANNTIED
PERSONS WHO HAVE HANDELED INFECTED ANIMALS OR
THEIR CARACASSES SHOULD BE VACCINATED AGAINST
ANTHRAX, IF THEIR EXPOSURE IS FREQUENT & IF HUMAN
VCCINE IS AVAILABLE
SUCH PERSONS SHOULD AVOID ANY CONTACT WITH OTHER
PERSONS OR ANIMALS WITHOUT FIRST CHANGING CLOTHING,
WASHING HANDS AND TAKING APPROPRIATE MEASSURES
WHERE THERE IS A RISK OF AEROSOLIZATION OF SPORES
CONSIDER DAMPING DOWN OF MATERIAL WITH 5% FORMALIN,
WEARING OF FACE MASKS ETC
 DISPOSAL OF DEAD BODIES
PLAGUE
RISK SIGNALS TO START IMMEDIATE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS:
EVIDENCE OF RAT FALL
SUSPECTED HUMAN CASE
FLEA NUISANCE/ HIGH FLEA INDEX
POSITIVE PLAGUE SEROLOGY IN RODENTS / CANNINES
DURING AN OUTBREAK OF BUBONIC PLAGUE ,RODENT CONTROL
MEASURES WOULD FURTHER AGGREVATE THE PLAGUE
TRANSMISSION BECAUSE LARGE NUMBER OF FLEAS WOULD
LEAVE THEIR DEAD RODENT HOST AND WOULD FEED ON MAN AND
OTHER DOMESTIC AND PERIDOMESTIC RODENTS AND MAINTAIN

DISEASE TRANSMISSION
SAFE DISPOSAL OF THE BODIES OF PERSONS DYING
DUE TO PLAGUE AND DEAD RODENTS DURING RAT
FALL: -

IN FATAL CASES OCCURRING DUE TO SUSPECTED PLAGUE

POST MORTEM SHOULD BE DISCOURAGED.
CREMATION OR BURIAL OF THE DEAD BODY AS PER THE
LOCAL CUSTOMS SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN.
FUNERAL CEREMONIES IN THE HOUSES OF PLAGUE VICTIMS
WHICH MAY INVOLVE ASSEMBLY OF PEOPLE SHOULD BE
DISCOURAGED.
THE DEAD BODIES OF PLAGUE VICTIMS SHOULD NOT BE
HANDLED AND ENCOFFINED BY THE RELATIVES AND
FRIENDS OF THE DECEASED.
THE BURIAL STAFF SHOULD USE MASKS, PROTECTIVE
CLOTHINGS, BOOTS & THICK RUBBER GLOVES.
 OTHER NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS

PROFESSIONALS HANDLING THE DEAD BODIES SHOULD

RECIEVE CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS IN RECOMMENDED DOSAGE AS
PER THE ADVICE OF THE DOCTOR.

A LAYER OF LIME AS AN ABSORBENT MATERIAL TO BE KEPT ON

THE COFFINS BEFORE THE DEAD BODIES ARE PUT IN IT.

THE DEAD BODY SHOULD BE PACKED IN AN IMPERVIOUS BODY

BAG FOR TRANSPORT FROM THE PLACE OF DEATH AND SHOULD
NOT BE EXTRACTED FROM THE BAG, AND SHOULD NOT BE
BATHED BEFORE CREMATION/ BURIAL.
OTHER NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS

THE BAGGED BODY SHOULD BE PLACED IN A HERMETICALLY

SEALED COFFIN AND BURIED WITHOUT RE-OPENING.
DEAD BODY SHOULD BE BURIED IN SUFFICIENT DEEP GRAVES TO
PREVENT ACCESS TO RODENTS AND OTHER ANIMALS.
THE GARMENTS AND OTHER BELONGINGS OF A PATIENT DYING DUE
TO BUBONIC PLAGUE IN THE HOUSE MUST BE GOT RID OF THE RAT-
FLEAS BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% DUST FORMULATION OF
MALATHION.
THE SOILED ARTICLES OF PNEUMONIC PLAGUE VICTIMS SHOULD
BE PACKED IN A BAG, INCINERATED, AUTOCLAVED OR FUMIGARED
AND PROPERLY DISPOSED OF BY BURNING
GUIDELINES FOR DISPOSAL OF DEAD RODENTS
DURING RAT FALL:-

USE DOUBLE FOLDED CLOTH TO COVER YOUR

FACE
DEAD RATS SHOULD NOT BE TOUCHED WITH
BARE HANDS
DISPSABLE HAND GLOVES OR POLYTHENE
SHEET SHOULD BE WRAPED AROUND THE HAND
TO HANDLE DEAD RATS
GUIDELINES TO DISPOSE OF DEAD RATS

SPRAY INSECTICIDE DUST OVER THE DEAD RAT AND

SUBSEQUENTLY BURRY IT IN A DEEP PIT.
PICK UP THE DEAD RAT BY MEANS OF LONG
FORCEPS, LONG TONG ETC. AND PUT IT IN A
CONTAINER CONTAINING COTTON WOOL SOAKED IN
INSECTICIDE FOR FINAL DISPOSAL
THE DISPOSABLE ITEMS SHOULD BE BURNT OR
BURRIED AND OTHER ITEMS SHOULD BE DISINFECTED
 RABIES
THE TREATMENT SHOULD BE STARTED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE BITE.
THE TREATMENT MAY BE MODIFIED IF ANIMAL INVOLVED (DOG OR CAT)
REMAINS HEALTHY THROUGHOUT THE OBSERVATION PERIOD OF 10
DAYS .
A HISTORY OF RABIES VACCINATION IN AN ANIMAL IS NOT ALWAYS A
GUARANTEE THAT THE BITING ANIMAL IS NOT RABID.
ONE VACCINE DOSE IN THE ANIMAL DOES NOT ALWAYS PROVIDE LONG
LASTING PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION WITH RABIES.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF RABIES IN MAMMALS OTHER THAN DOGS
AND CATS IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD AND THEREFORE THE 10 DAY
OBSERVATION PERIOD MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE
GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT

BITE BY ALL WILD ANIMALS: TREAT AS CATEGORY

3 EXPOSURE FOR RABIES
BITE BY RODENTS: BITES BY DOMESTIC RATS,
MICE, SQUIRREL, HARE AND RABBITS SELDOM
REQUIRE TREATMENT
BAT RABIES: BAT RABIES HAS NOT BEEN
CONCLUSIVELY PROVED IN INDIA AND HENCE
EXPOSURE TO BATS DOES NOT WARRANT
TREATMENT
VACCINE SCHEDULES

(A) INTRA-MUSCULAR VACCINE SCHEDULE:

HUMAN DIPLOID CELL VACCINE
PURIFIED CHICK EMBRYO CELL VACCINE
PURIFIED VERO CELL RABIES VACCINE
PURIFIED DUCK EMBRYO VACCINE
SCHEDULE OF DOSAGE:
0, 3, 7, 14 & 28 DAYS
SIXTH (D90) INJECTION, OPTIONAL IN-IMMUNOLOGICALLY
DEFICIENT, ARE AT THE EXTREMES OF AGE AND ON
STEROID THERAPY.
VACCINE SCHEDULES

(B) INTRA DERMAL REGIMENS:

IN THIS METHOD SMALL AMOUNT OF RABIES
VACCINE/ANTIGEN IS DEPOSITED IN THE LAYERS OF
THE SKIN AT MULTIPLE SITES
THIS RESULTS IN A STRONGER IMMUNE RESPONSE
RABIES IN DOGS

CLINICAL PICTURE:
FURIOUS RABIES: CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR, RUNNING AMUCK,
CHANGE IN VOICE, EXCESSIVE SALIVATION, PARALYTIC STAGE
DUMB RABIES
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
HEAD OF THE ANIMAL IS CUT OFF
DULY PACKED IN ICE IN AIR TIGHT CONTAINER
OR
BRAIN MAY BE REMOVED WITH ANTI-SEPTIC PRECAUTIONS
SENT IN 50% GLYCEROL SALINE FOR EXAMINATION
 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS IS A MOSQUITO BORNE ZOONOTIC

VIRAL DISEASE. PIGS AND BIRDS (CATTLE EGRETS, POND
HERONS) ARE THE NATURAL HOSTS AND MAN AND HORSE ARE
DEAD END HOSTS.
AFFECTED STATES IN INDIA ARE ANDHRA PRADESH, BIHAR,
KARNATAKA, TAMILNADU, UTTAR PRADESH AND WEST BENGAL.
JE OUTBREAKS USUALLY COINCIDE WITH MONSOON & POST
MONSOON PERIOD, WHEN THE VECTOR DENSITY IS HIGH.
CASE FATALITY IN NEWLY AFFECTED AREAS IS TO THE EXTENT
OF 30-40%
CHILDREN BELOW 15 YEARS OF AGE ARE ESPECIALLY HIGH
RISK GROUP.
CAUSATIVE AGENT & TRANSMISSION

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS WHICH IS ANTIGENICALLY

RELATED TO OTHER FLAVIVIRUSES LIKE DENGUE, WEST
NILE AND YELLOW FEVER.
TRANSMISSION BY:
MOSQUITO-BORN -CULEX TRITANEORHYNCHUS GROUP
THE VIRUS DOES NOT CAUSE ANY DISEASE AMONG ITS
NATURAL HOSTS AND THE TRANSMISSION GOES UN-
NOTICED THROUGH MOSQUITOES PRIMARILY BELONGING
TO THE GENUS CULEX.
THERE IS NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT.
CLINICAL PICTURE

ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS WHICH CAN PROGRESS TO

PARALYSIS
SEIZURES
COMA AND DEATH
MAJORITY OF CASES ARE SUB-CLINICAL.
SERIOUS NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE LIKE MENTAL
IMPAIRMENT, SEVERE NEUROLOGICAL INSTABILITY,
PERSONALITY CHANGE AND PARALYSIS MAY OCCUR IN
AROUND 10-30% OF CASES.
Avian Influenza
Chingmeirong ,
Imphal
 Control Room

The
Nerve
Centre
Quarantine: restrict access to infected
premises; village; station and bus-stand
 Physical survey of the
area of operation
To determine nature and scope of operations.
Physical survey of the
area of operation
Physical survey of the
area of operation
 Physical Survey To Know :

Cleaning of the farms

Hygienic conditions on farms
Quantities of solid, semi-solid, liquid fecal material,
feathers and other waste material lying unattended
Farmers participation in Culling
Number of birds on the Farm
Demarcation of Surveillance & Infected areas
Demarcation of Surveillance
& Infected areas

5 km radius 3 km Culling area

Stamping Out

5 km radius Compulsory
Vaccination / Surveillance
(High risk poultry areas)
Demarcation of Surveillance
& Infected areas
 Culling: use of sedatives mixed in
water to reduce activity level in birds.

Sodium
Feno
Barbital,
Culling : Dislocation &
Decapitation
 Culling: culled birds on farms were packed in bags
for disposal, which were carried to disposal sites
 Culling:public announcement not to release birds in
morning; Panchayat involved; common disposal ground
identified in villages; birds collected by veterinarians in
morning; cash for bird; tremendous response

Different
Strategy
For
Backyard
poultry
Backyard poultry: sites for disposal
identified by Panchayat
Disposal

Two methods: bury or burn

Burning: bury ash, remains etc.; burn well;
material requirements higher; incinerators
Burying: dig deep; dumped material be kept
below ground level; lime/earth layers; no
scavenging. Rodent problem
Dispose: birds, eggs/trays, sacks, feathers,
feed/feed ingredients, fecal material,
manure etc.
Safe Disposal: Deep trenches
dug by JCBs
Disposal:more than 40 JCBs deployed in
Navapur & Jalgaon I; requisitioned from deptts
Burial of Birds
Disposal:material carried out manually
for disposal from farms/villages
 Disposal: killed birds and infected
material dumped into pits dug by JCBs

Materials
should
be lower
than
ground
level
 Disposal:pits covered by earth and limed

Alternate
layers of
earth and
lime to
pack it well
 Disposal by Burning

PPE burnt
on each
farm on
exit by
each person
from each
farm
Disposal:eggs destroyed and buried
with egg trays etc.
Disposal of feed and feed
materials
Infected material
Feed manufacturing units within
poultry farm
GOI to share cost of compensation
upto 50%
Disposal of feed and feed materials.
Disposal of feed and feed
materials.
Disposal of feed and feed
materials.
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Major activity.
Farms are
largely
two-tier
structures.
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Upper
storey
has bird
cages
and
support
systems
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Lower storey
is dump
ground for
fecal matter;
slurried due
to water
leakage from
bird water
systems
Clean up:Commercial farms
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Physically
impossible
to enter
& clean up.
Difficult to
access lower
storey due
to low height
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Jetting
& suction
machines
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Liquid
material
pumped
out
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Discharged
into pits
which were
covered with
thick layer
of lime
and earth.
Continuous
watch.
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Covered
with
plastic
sheets
 Clean up:Commercial farms

Sheds
cleaned
manually
thereafter
Clean up:Commercial
farms : Use of labor
Specialized labor required. Availability
an issue.
Farm owners: required to be involved;
reluctant;
Reluctance to use PPE; Temiflu
Difficult work conditions
 Feather disposal

laborious
work;
not
possible
manually
 Feather disposal

Flame
guns
purchased
and used;
operated
by LPG
Feather disposal
Cage systems are to be opened up, cleaned and
disinfected; water systems to be handled similarly
 Disinfecting & Spraying

Foggers
provided
by GOI.
Sprayers
to be
provided
by State
Govt.
Disinfecting & Spraying
Disinfecting & Spraying
Disinfecting & Spraying
Disinfecting & Spraying:
Commercial Poultry
Wash floors and walls with calcium hydroxide (3% solution)
Spray of bleaching powder & lime in floors of sheds and farm
area
White-wash of concrete and bricked area with lime
Spray 4% formalin over area
Treat equipment with hypochlorite solution (2%) for 48 hours
KMnO4 mixed in water tanks etc
Close chamber fumigated with KMnO4 & formalin
 Disinfecting & Spraying :
Backyard Poultry
Different strategy
Heavily populated villages in Jalgaon
Complete culling in village before starting clean-up
Burn baskets/egg trays/litter/feed and all the poultry in
10 km radius
Bury the eggs
Remove, burn all litter from permanent cages and
clean the cages
Burn garbage around poultry keeping area
Whitewash the houses: 3km/10km
Disinfecting & Spraying :
Backyard Poultry
Spray all houses in 0-3 km
Spray poultry rearing houses and yards in 3-10 km
zone
Spray all damp areas/drains with 4% formalin
Formalin not to be used in inhabited areas due to
irritation to humans.
Alternatives: Trilocid Concentrate, Virkon-S, Sodium
hypochlorite. Sprinkle lime on top
Sprinkle lime on the roads, streets etc in all the
villages under the operation
Sanitized farms
Sanitized farms
Sanitized farms
Sanitized farms
Sanitized farms
Sanitized farms
Sealing of farms
Sealing of farms
THANK YOU