Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RINO AGUSTIANTO
2015 91 0001
Summary
Energy Generation Comparison
=
or, 440 million cubic feet of natural gas (15% of a
125,000 cubic meter LNG tanker),
*Each ounce of thorium can therefore produce or, 300 kg of enriched (3%) uranium in a
$14,000-24,000 of electricity (at $0.04-0.07/kW*hr) pressurized water reactor.
2007 World Energy Consumption
The Future:
5.3 billion tonnes of Energy from Thorium
coal (128 quads)
2.92 trillion m3
of natural gas
(105 quads)
35 t of enriched uranium
(1.15 t U-235) Uranium-235 content is 35 t of spent fuel stored
burned out of the fuel; some on-site until disposal at
250 t of natural plutonium is formed and Yucca Mountain. It
uranium burned contains:
containing 1.75 t
U-235 33.4 t uranium-238
There are four natural decay chains, three of which still exist on
Earth. The fourth is extinct due to rapid decay.
Uranium
(4n+2) Lead Pb,Bi,Po Pb,Bi,Po Polonium Radon Radium Thorium Th,Pa,U Uranium
21 26 3 3.8 1600 80000 247 4.5
206 yr 210 min 214 min 218 day 222 yr 226 yr 230 kyr 234 Gyr 238
Neptunium Tl,Pb,Bi Bi,Po Astatine Francium Ra,Ac Thorium 162 Pa,U 2.14 Neptunium
(4n+1) 47 0.032
5 min
10 7340
209 min 213 sec 217 221 days 225 yr 229 kyr 233 Myr 237
209
206
207
208
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
228
Tiga Terobosan Konseptual
Pu-239 as a fissile
fuel was discovered
by Glenn Seaborg in
March 1941.
Uranium-238 Plutonium-239
(99.3% of all U)
U-233 as a fissile
fuel was discovered
by Seaborgs student
John Gofman in
Thorium-232 Uranium-233
(100% of all Th) February 1942.
Could weapons be made from the fissile material?
Uranium-235
Natural (highly enriched
uranium uranium)
Depleted
uranium
4 d
3.6
se
c Uranium-232 follows the same decay
55
chain as thorium-232, but it follows it
ec millions of times faster!
.16s
0
This is because 232Th has a 14 billion-
year half-life, but 232U has only an 74
year half-life!
Once it starts down the hill it gets to
thallium-208 (the gamma emitter) in just
a few weeks!
U-232 Formation in the Thorium Fuel Cycle
Use fluoride reprocessing technology to help fix
current concerns with spent nuclear fuel.
Conversion to natural
Mining 800,000 MT of Milling and processing to
UF6 (247 MT U)
ore containing 0.2% yellowcakenatural U3O8
uranium (260 MT U) (248 MT U) Generates 170 MT of solid
waste and 1600 m3 of liquid
Generates ~600,000 MT of waste rock Generates 130,000 MT of mill tailings waste
Enrichment of 52 MT of
(3.2%) UF6 (35 MT U) Fabrication of 39 MT of enriched (3.2%) Irradiation and disposal
Generates 314 MT of depleted UO2 (35 MT U) of 39 MT of spent fuel
uranium hexafluoride (DU); consisting of unburned
Generates 17 m3 of solid waste and 310 m3
consumes 300 GW*hr of uranium, transuranics,
of liquid waste
electricity and fission products.
Uranium fuel cycle calculations done using WISE nuclear fuel material calculator: http://www.wise-uranium.org/nfcm.html
Waste generation from 1000 MW*yr thorium-fueled liquid-
fluoride reactor
Mining 200 MT of ore Milling and processing to thorium nitrate ThNO 3 (1 MT Th)
containing 0.5%
thorium (1 MT Th) Generates 0.1 MT of mill tailings and 50 kg of aqueous wastes
Disposal of 0.8 MT of
Conversion to metal and spent fuel consisting
introduction into reactor blanket only of fission product
Breeding to U233 and
fluorides
complete fission
Thorium mining calculation based on date from ORNL/TM-6474: Environmental Assessment of Alternate FBR Fuels: Thorium
Pemanfaatan Thorium di Indonesia