N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar: Lecture 10: Beams

N.W.F.P.
University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Lecture 10: Beams
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
1
Beam
A beam is generally considered to be
any member subjected principally to
transverse gravity or vertical loading.
CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2

Beam

Beam

Types of Beams
Girders usually the most important beams.

Stringers Longitudinal bridge beams
spanning between floor beams.
Floor Beams In buildings, a major beam
usually supporting joists; a transverse beam
in bridge floors.

Types of Beams

Types of Beams

Types of Beams
Joists A beam supporting floor construction but
not major beams.

Types of Beams

Types of Beams

Types of Beams
Purlins Roof beam spanning between trusses.

Types of Beams
Girts Horizontal wall beams serving

principally to resist bending due to wind
on the side of an industrial building.
Lintels Member supporting a wall over
a window or door opening.

Sections used for Beams
Among the steel shapes that are used as
beam include:
W shapes, which normally prove to be the
most economical beam sections and they
have largely replaced channels and S
sections for beam usage.
Channels are sometimes used for beams
subjected to light loads, such as purlins
and at places where clearances available
require narrow flanges
Sections used for Beams

Design Approaches
Elastic Design
For many years the elastic theory has
been the bases for the design and
analysis of steel structures. This theory is
based on the yield stress of a steel
structural element.
However, nowadays, it has been
replaced by a more rational & realistic
theory the ultimate stress design that is
based on plastic capacity of a steel
structure.
Design Approaches
Elastic Design
In the elastic theory the maximum load
that a structure could support is assumed
to equal the load that cause a stress
somewhere in the structure equal the
yield stress of the Fy of the material.
The members were designed so that
computed bending loads for service
loads did not exceed the yield stress
divided a factor of safety (e.g. 1.5 to 2)

Design Approaches
Elastic Design Versus Ultimate Design
According to ASD, one FOS is used that

accounts for the entire uncertainty in loads &
strength.
According to LRFD(probability-based) different
partial safety factors for different load and
strength types are used.
Design Approach
Elastic Design Versus Ultimate Design
Engineering structures have been designed for
many years by the allowable stress design(ASD),
or elastic design with satisfactory results.
However, engineers have long been aware that
ductile members(e.g. steel) do not fail until a
great deal of yielding occurs after yield stress is
first reached.
This means that such members have great
margin of safety against collapse than the elastic
theory would seem to suggest.
Bending Behavior of Beams
Assumptions & Conditions
1. Strains are proportional to the distance from the
neutral axis.
2. The stress-strain relationship is idealized to
consist of two straight lines.
3. Deformations are sufficiently small so that
= tan


Rectangular Beam: Elastic Bending
d / 2
M b dy y
d / 2
dF = b dy

Bending Stresses
If the beam is subjected to some bending

moment the stress at any point may be
computed by usual flexural formula
It is important to remember that this

expression is only applicable when the
maximum computed stress in the beam is
below elastic limit.
Bending Stresses
The value of I/c is a constant for a
particular section and is known as section
modulus.
The flexural formula may then be written
as

Bending Stresses

Internal Couple Method

Internal Couple Method

Plastic Moment
Stress varies linearly from neutral axis to extreme fibers.

When moment increases there will also be linear increase in
moment and stress until yield.
When moment increases beyond yield moment the outer fiber
will have the same stress but will yield.
The process will continue with more and more parts of the beam
x-section stressed to yield point until finally a fully plastic
distribution is approached.
Plastic Moment

Plastic Moment

Plastic Moment

Plastic Moment

Plastic Moment

Plastic Moment

Plastic Moment
Progression of Yield Zone

Leading to Fully Plastic Hinge
and Collapse
Stresses reach Yield Magnitude at
extreme fibers
Yield Zones spreads towards
Neutral axis
Yield Zones join, are now spread
through entire x-section

Plastic Hinges
The effect of plastic hinge is assumed to

be concentrated at one section for
analysis purpose.
However, it should be noted that this
effect may extend for some distance along
the beam.

Plastic Moment

Plastic Modulus
The resisting moment at full plasticity

can be determined in a similar manner.
The result is the so-called plastic
moment Mp.

Plastic Modulus
d d/2
Fy

Plastic Modulus
The plastic moment is equal to the yield
stress Fy times the Plastic modulus Z.
From the foregoing expression for a
rectangular section, the plastic modulus Z
can be seen equal to bd2/4.

Shape Factor
The shape factor which is equal to
So, for rectangular section the shape factor is

equal to 1.5
Shape Factor

Shape Factor

Neutral Axis for Plastic Condition
The neutral axis for plastic condition is

different than its counterpart for elastic
condition.
Unless the section is symmetrical, the
neutral axis for the plastic condition will
not be in the same location as for the
elastic condition.
The total internal compression must
equal the total internal tension.
Neutral Axis for Plastic Condition
As all the fibers are considered to have

the same stress Fy in the plastic
condition, the area above and below the
plastic neutral axis must be equal.

Plastic Modulus

Plastic Modulus: Unsymmetrical Shape
The areas above and below the

neutral axis must be equal for
Plastic analysis

Plastic Modulus: Assignment
Determine the yield moment My, the Plastic Mp and the
plastic modulus Z for the simply supported beam having
the x-section as given.
Also calculate the shape factor.
Calculate nominal load Pn acting transversely through
the mid span of the beam. Assume the Fy=36 ksi

Advantages of Plastic Design

There is 50% increase in strength above the computed elastic

limit (stage !) due to plasticization of the x-section
Advantages of Plastic Design: Wide Flange Section
My = Fy S
Mp = Fy Z

Shape factor is one source of reserve strength beyond

elastic limit.
Advantages of Plastic Design: Shape Factors
Mp/My

Another source of reserve strength in

indeterminate structure loaded beyond
the elastic limit is called re-distribution
of moments.that is the process of
moment transfer due to successive
formation of plastic hinges which
continues until ultimate load is reached.

1
2
3

Wu 2 3
1
Load
Defl
ectio
n

Thanks
Design of Steel Beams
The development of a plastic stress distribution
over the cross-section can be hindered by two
different length effects:
(1)Lateral Torsional buckling of the unsupported
length of the beam/member before the cross-
section develops the plastic moment Mp.
(2) Local buckling of the individual plates (flanges

and webs) of the cross-section before they
develop the compressive yield stress Fy.

Lateral Torsional Buckling
A simply supported beam can be subjected to
gravity transverse loading.
Due to this loading the beam will deflect
downward and its upper part will be placed in
compression and hence will act as compression
member.

Beams are generally proportioned such
that moment of inertia about the major
principal axis is considerably larger than
that of minor axis.
This is done to make Economical Beams.

As result they are weak in resistance to

Torsion and Bending about the Minor axis.
If its Y-axis is not braced perpendicularly,
it will buckle laterally at much smaller load
than would otherwise have been required
to produce a vertical failure.





A laterally unsupported compression flange
will behave like a column and tend to buckle
out of plane between points of lateral support.
However because the compression flange is
part of a beam x-section with a tension zone
that keeps the opposite flange in line, the x-
section twists when it moves laterally. This
behavior is referred to as lateral torsion
buckling. Simply it is a sidewise buckling of
beam accompanied by twist.

Embedment of top flange in concrete slab

provides lateral support to beam, except
when the beam is cantilever.
Lateral bracing will be adequate (both for
strength & stiffness) if each lateral brace is
designed for 2% of compressive force in
the flange of beam it braces.( this thumb
rule is based on lab test results).

Consider a doubly symmetric prismatic beam

Both ends simply supported w.r.t x & y axis but
Held against rotation about z-axis.
It is subjected to a uniform bending moment Mx

Mx
Moment at which Lateral Torsional buckling begins is given by:

2
E
Mn = Mcr = E I y G J Iy Cw
Lb Lb
The critical moments for beams with end
moments and beams with transverse
loads acting through shear center can be
given by
Where Cb is a coefficient which depends on variation in

moments along the span and K is an effective length coefficient
depending on restraint at supports.
Values of Cb and K are given in table 5-1

Values of Cb developed by curve fitting to data from
numerical analysis of LTB of simple beams acted only by
end-moments is given by:
Cb=1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 2.3

Another equation obtained by working on numerical test data
of beam-column behaviour is
Cb= 1/ [0.6 0.4(M1/M2) ] 2.3
Where M1 is smaller of two end moments.

M2
M1/M2 is +ve for reverse curvature. M1
Accurate equation for Cb, if moment diagram within the un
braced length is not a straight line

Inelastic LTB
If stress is proportional to strain, Mx,cr for

elastic LTB is valid as given.
But for critical stress, Fcr exceeding Fy,
Mx,cr is given by

Inelastic LTB
The equation can be solved in a
simplified manner by using an
equivalent radius of gyration which is
obtained by equating the critical
bending stress to the tangent modulus
critical stress for columns

Local Buckling of Beam
Elements
Concept of
Compact,
Non-Compact, And
Slender Elements and Sections.

Local Buckling of Beam
Elements
For establishing width-thickness ratio
limits for elements of compression
members, the LRFD classification
divides members into three distinct
classification as follows.
Compact
Non-compact
Slender
Local Buckling
Compact Elements M
If the slenderness ratio (b/t) of the plate p
M
element is less than p, then the
r
element is compact. It will locally buckle
much after reaching Fy
p r

Local Buckling
Non-compact Elements M
M
element is less than r but greater than
r
p, then it is non-compact. It will locally
buckle immediately after reaching Fy
p r

Local Buckling
Slender Elements M
M
element is greater than r then it is
r
slender. It will locally buckle in the
elastic range before reaching Fy
p r

Local Buckling
Compact Sections
A section that can develop fully plastic moment Mp
before local buckling of any of its compression
element occurs.
Non-compact Sections
A section that can develop a moment equal to or
greater than My, but less than Mp, before loca
buckling of any of its element occurs.
Slender sections
If any one plate element is slender, the section is
slender.

Local Buckling
Important Note
Thus, slender sections cannot develop Mp due to
elastic local buckling. Non-compact sections can
develop My but not Mp before local buckling
occurs. Only compact sections can develop the
plastic moment Mp.
All rolled wide-flange shapes are compact with the
following exceptions, which are non-compact.
W40x174, W14x99, W14x90, W12x65, W10x12,
W8x10, W6x15 (made from A992)

Local Buckling contd;
If the beam x-section is to develop the yield moment

My, the compression flange must be able to reach
yield stress and the web/webs, must be able to
develop corresponding bending stresses.
Local Buckling of the flange and/ or web can prevent

these limits from being attained.
More restrictive limits must be observed if a beam x-

section is to attain the fully plastic moment Mp.

Local Buckling
For uniformly compressed laterally simply supported on
one unloaded edge and free on the other, the critical
stress is
Plated used in structural members are long enough to

warrant neglecting the second term, so

Local Buckling
Following limits of late slenderness (b/t) which
preclude premature local buckling of
compression flange of beams are available.
Projecting Element Flange of Box
Since these limits are not well defined, they differ somewhat
from one specifications to another refer table 5-3
Local Buckling
Limiting values of beam flange and web slenderness

N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar: Lecture 10: Beams

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N.W.F.P.

Lecture 10: Beams

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2

CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 3

CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 4

Girders usually the most important beams.

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CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 6

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CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 8

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Girts Horizontal wall beams serving

CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 12

CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 14

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According to ASD, one FOS is used that

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If the beam is subjected to some bending

It is important to remember that this

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Stress varies linearly from neutral axis to extreme fibers.

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Progression of Yield Zone

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The effect of plastic hinge is assumed to

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The resisting moment at full plasticity

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So, for rectangular section the shape factor is

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The neutral axis for plastic condition is

As all the fibers are considered to have

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The areas above and below the

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There is 50% increase in strength above the computed elastic

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Shape factor is one source of reserve strength beyond

CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 52

Another source of reserve strength in

CE-409: Lecture 10 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 53

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