Government College of

Engineering,Chandrapur
A Seminar On:-
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of FACTS Controllers
FACTS Controllers
Benefits of FACTS Controllers
Control of power system
Conclusion
Reference
 INTRODUCTION
The term FACTS describes a wide range of controllers ,many of
which incorporate large power electronic converters.

In general ,FACTS devices possess the following technological

attributes:
i) Provide dynamic reactive power support and
ii) Voltage control
iii) Improve system stability
iv) Control real and reactive power flow

FACTS is a new integrated concept based on electronic based

converter to enhance system utilization and
reliability,stability,and power quality of ac transmission system
 HISTORY

Dr. Narain Hingorani is a father of FACTS

technology.

The first FACTS installation was at C . J. Slatt

substation near Arlington, Oregon.

This is a 500 kv 3 Ph 60 Hz substation and

was developed by EPRI, the Bonneille Power
Administration and general electric
component
OBJECTIVES OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

The main objectives of FACTS controllers are

the following:
1. Regulation of power flows in prescribed
transmission routes.
2. Secure loading of transmission lines
nearer to their thermal limits.
3. Prevention of cascading outages by
contributing to emergency control.
TYPES OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

Series controllers:
The series controller could be a variable
impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, or a power
electronics based variable source of main frequency, and
harmonic frequencies to serve the desired load.

In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with

the line. As long as the voltage is in phase quadrature with
the line current, the series controller only supplies or
consumes variable reactive power.

Series controllers include SSSC, IPFC, TCSC, TSSC, TCSR,

and TSSR.
 Shunt Controllers.

As in the case of series controllers, the shunt

controllers may be variable impedance, variable
source, or a combination of these.
In principle, all shunt controllers inject current
into the system at the point of connection.
Even a variable shunt impedance connected to
the line voltage causes a variable current flow and
hence represents injection of current into the line.
Any other phase relationship will involve
handling of real power as well. Shunt controllers
include STATCOM, TCR, TSR, TSC, and TCBR
 FACTS CONTROLLERS
STATCOM
: A static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) also known as synchronous
condenser.

STATCOM is a regulating device used on

alternating current electricity
transmission networks .

It is based on a power electronics voltage

source converter
Uses:
It is installed to support electricity networks that
have a poor power factor and often poor voltage
regulation

Mostly used for voltage stability

It is also provide better reactive power support at

low AC voltage

The current can nbe maintained at rated value

even down to low AC voltages
SVC :
Static VAR compensator is a set of
electrical devices for providing fast
acting reactive power on high voltage
electricity transmission system .
Elements which may be used to make
an SVC typically include:
i) TCR where reactor may be
air or iron cored
ii) TSC
iii) Harmonic filter
 Advantages :
Gives instantaneous response to changes
in the system voltage.

They are in general cheaper, higher

capacity, faster and more reliable than
dynamic compensaror scheme.

Enhance controllability and increase

power transfer capability
Benefits of facts
controllers
Cost
Convenience
Environmental impact
Contribute to optimal system operation by
reducing power losses and improving voltage
profile.
Increase the loading capability of the lines to
their thermal capabilities, including short term
and seasonal.
Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation
CONTROL OF POWER
SYSTEM
In any power system, the creation,
transmission, and utilization of electrical
power can be separated into three areas,
which traditionally determined the way in
which electric utility companies had been
organized. These are illustrated in Figure 1
and are:
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Although power electronic based
equipment is prevalent in each of these
three areas, such as with static excitation
systems for generators and Custom Power
equipment in distribution systems

The focus of this paper and

accompanying presentation is on
transmission, i.e. moving the power from
where it is generated to where it is utilized.
 CONTROLLABILITY

To illustrate that the power system only has certain

variables that can be impacted by control, we have
considered here the power-angle curve, shown in Figure 2.
Although this is a steady-state curve and the
implementation of FACTS is primarily for dynamic issues,
this illustration demonstrates the point that there are
primarily three main variables that can be directly
controlled in the power system to impact its performance.
These are:
Voltage
Angle
Impedance
 DISADVANTAGES:

High initial costs

Joints required for contraction and

expansion

Generally rough riding quality

High repair cost

 CONCLUSION

This paper has presented various FACTS controllers

and analyzed their control attributes and benefits.

The flexible ac transmission system (FACTS), a new

technology based on power electronics, offers an
opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and
power transfer capability of ac transmission systems.

The application of FACTS controllers throws up new

challenges for power engineers, not only in hardware
implementation, but also in design of robust control
systems, planning and analysis.
 REFERENCES

[1] Y. N. Yu, Electric Power System Dynamics. Academic Press,

1983.

[2] P. W. Sauer and M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability.

Prentice Hall, 1998.

[3] J. R. Smith, G. Andersson, and C. W. Taylor, Annotated

Bibliography on Power System Stability Controls: 1986- 1994, IEEE
Trans. on PWRS, 11(2)(1996), pp. 794800.

[4] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts

and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York:
IEEE Press, 2000.

[5] N. G. Hingorani, FACTS-Flexible AC Transmission System,

Proceedings of 5th International Conference on AC and DC Power
 THANK
YOU!!!