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Acids
Substances which ionize in solution and produce hydrogen
ions, H+
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) dissociates into H+ + Cl-
Bases
Substances which ionize in solution and produce hydroxide
ions, OH-
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, dissociates into Na+ + OH-
Salts
Substances which ionize in solution and produce neither
hydrogen or hydroxide ions
Sodium Chloride, NaCl, dissociates into Na+ + Cl-
Units of Measurement
U.S. Units = Micromhos/cm
International Units = MicroSiemens/cm
1.0 S/cm = 1,000 mS/cm = 1,000,000 uS/cm
umho/cm = uS/cm
Conductivity is the Reciprocal of Resistance
1.0 MicroSiemen/cm = 1,000,000 Ohms/-cm
1,000,000 MicroSiemens/cm = 1.0 Ohm/-cm
900
800
MilliSiemens/cm
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% by Weight
Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide
Hydrochloric Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid
1500
mS/cm
1000
500
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
% Concentration
25C 60C
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
mS/cm
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 4 10 16 21 27 32 38 43 49 54 60 66 71 77 82 88 93 93
Degrees C
8
Temperature Slope
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 25 30 40 50 75 100
Temperature
pH Transmitter
Feed Water
Acid Feed
Conductivity Transmitter
Feed
Water
Tank
RO Unit
Waste
Conductivity Conductivity
Transmitter Transmitter
To Water Storage
Conductivity Conductivity
Transmitter Transmitter
Type Number
Conductivity 4
Concentration 2
pH 1
Total 7
Feed
Water Heat
Tank Condensate Return Exchanger
Waste
Steam Header
Conductivity
Transmitter
Blowdown Valve
Mud
Drum
Flash
Tank
Caustic
Conductivity
Transmitter
Caustic Process
Water Solution
Dilution Vessels
Recovery
Tank